Gal R, Lazarus R S
J Human Stress. 1975 Dec;1(4):4-20. doi: 10.1080/0097840X.1975.9939548.
This paper is an analytical review of studies comparing stress reactions in threatening situations during which the person can or cannot take action. The studies reviewed were conducted mainly in real-life situations and involved diverse forms of coping activities under various conditions of danger and distress. To achieve a better understanding of the effect of activity on stress reactions, several distinctions are made: between various types of stress reactions; between various indices and measurements of stress reactions; between activity which is directly related to the source of threat and activity which is not; and between various personality dimensions. The adaptive potential of activity in stressful situations is discussed in terms of: the sense of mastery and control provided by activity; activity as a means of attention diversion; and activity as a means of discharging energy generated by mobilization. It is suggested that taking action under stressful conditions, as opposed to remaining passive, is a powerful coping tool.
本文是一篇分析性综述，内容涉及对处于威胁情境中人们应激反应的研究比较，这些情境中人们能够或无法采取行动。所综述的研究主要在现实生活情境中开展，涉及在各种危险和困境条件下的多种应对活动形式。为了更好地理解活动对应激反应的影响，进行了以下几种区分：不同类型的应激反应之间；应激反应的各种指标和测量方法之间；与威胁源直接相关的活动和与之无关的活动之间；以及不同人格维度之间。从以下几个方面讨论了活动在压力情境中的适应潜力：活动所提供的掌控感和控制感；作为注意力转移手段的活动；以及作为释放动员产生的能量的手段的活动。研究表明，在压力条件下采取行动，而非保持被动，是一种强大的应对工具。
