Zdobnov Evgeny M, von Mering Christian, Letunic Ivica, Torrents David, Suyama Mikita, Copley Richard R, Christophides George K, Thomasova Dana, Holt Robert A, Subramanian G Mani, Mueller Hans-Michael, Dimopoulos George, Law John H, Wells Michael A, Birney Ewan, Charlab Rosane, Halpern Aaron L, Kokoza Elena, Kraft Cheryl L, Lai Zhongwu, Lewis Suzanna, Louis Christos, Barillas-Mury Carolina, Nusskern Deborah, Rubin Gerald M, Salzberg Steven L, Sutton Granger G, Topalis Pantelis, Wides Ron, Wincker Patrick, Yandell Mark, Collins Frank H, Ribeiro Jose, Gelbart William M, Kafatos Fotis C, Bork Peer
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):149-59. doi: 10.1126/science.1077061.
Comparison of the genomes and proteomes of the two diptera Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster, which diverged about 250 million years ago, reveals considerable similarities. However, numerous differences are also observed; some of these must reflect the selection and subsequent adaptation associated with different ecologies and life strategies. Almost half of the genes in both genomes are interpreted as orthologs and show an average sequence identity of about 56%, which is slightly lower than that observed between the orthologs of the pufferfish and human (diverged about 450 million years ago). This indicates that these two insects diverged considerably faster than vertebrates. Aligned sequences reveal that orthologous genes have retained only half of their intron/exon structure, indicating that intron gains or losses have occurred at a rate of about one per gene per 125 million years. Chromosomal arms exhibit significant remnants of homology between the two species, although only 34% of the genes colocalize in small "microsyntenic" clusters, and major interarm transfers as well as intra-arm shuffling of gene order are detected.
约在2.5亿年前分化的两种双翅目昆虫——冈比亚按蚊和黑腹果蝇，其基因组和蛋白质组的比较显示出相当多的相似性。然而，也观察到许多差异；其中一些差异必定反映了与不同生态和生活策略相关的选择及随后的适应性。两个基因组中近一半的基因被解释为直系同源基因，平均序列同一性约为56%，略低于河豚和人类的直系同源基因之间的序列同一性（约在4.5亿年前分化）。这表明这两种昆虫的分化速度比脊椎动物快得多。比对序列显示直系同源基因仅保留了其内含子/外显子结构的一半，这表明内含子的获得或丢失以每1.25亿年每个基因约一个的速率发生。染色体臂在两个物种之间表现出显著的同源性残余，尽管只有34%的基因共定位于小的“微同线性”簇中，并且检测到主要的臂间转移以及基因顺序的臂内重排。
