Sudaryanto Agus, Takahashi Shin, Monirith In, Ismail Ahmad, Muchtar Muswerry, Zheng Jinshu, Richardson Bruce J, Subramanian Annamalai, Prudente Maricar, Hue Nguyen Duc, Tanabe Shinsuke
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002 Oct;21(10):2119-30.
Butyltin compounds (BTs) including mono-, di-, and tributyltin and total tin (sigmaSn), were determined in green mussels (Perna viridis) from various Asian developing countries, such as Cambodia, China (Hong Kong and southern China), Malaysia, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam, to elucidate the contamination status, distribution, and possible sources and to assess the risks on aquatic organisms and humans. Butyltin compounds were detected in green mussels collected from all the sampling location investigated, suggesting widespread contamination of BTs along the coastal waters of Asian developing countries. Among butyltin derivatives, tributyltin (TBT) was the predominant compound, indicating its ongoing usage and recent exposures in Asian coastal waters. Higher concentrations of BTs were found in mussels collected at locations with intensive maritime activities, implying that the usage of TBT as a biocide in antifouling paints was a major source of BTs. In addition, relatively high concentrations of BTs were observed in mussels from aquaculture areas in Hong Kong and Malaysia, as it has been reported in Thailand. With the recent improvement in economic status in Asia, it is probable that an increase in TBT usage will occur in aquaculture. Although contamination levels were generally low in mussel samples from most of the Asian developing countries, some of those from polluted areas in Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand revealed levels comparable to those in developed nations. Furthermore, the concentrations of TBT in some mussels from polluted areas exceeded the threshold for toxic effects on organisms and estimated tolerable average residue levels as seafoods for human consumption. A significant correlation was observed between the concentrations of sigmaBTs and sigmaSn in mussels, and sigmaBTs were made up mostly 100% of sigmaSn in mussels taken from locations having intensive maritime/human activities. This suggests that anthropogenic BTs represent the major source of tin accumulation in mussels. To our knowledge, this is a first comprehensive report on butyltin pollution monitoring in developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region.
对来自柬埔寨、中国（香港和中国南方）、马来西亚、印度、印度尼西亚、菲律宾和越南等亚洲发展中国家的绿贻贝（Perna viridis）中的丁基锡化合物（BTs），包括一丁基锡、二丁基锡和三丁基锡以及总锡（σSn）进行了测定，以阐明污染状况、分布、可能的来源，并评估对水生生物和人类的风险。在所调查的所有采样地点采集的绿贻贝中均检测到了丁基锡化合物，这表明亚洲发展中国家沿海水域存在丁基锡化合物的广泛污染。在丁基锡衍生物中，三丁基锡（TBT）是主要化合物，这表明其在亚洲沿海水域仍在使用且近期有接触。在海上活动频繁的地点采集的贻贝中发现了较高浓度的丁基锡化合物，这意味着在防污涂料中使用三丁基锡作为杀生剂是丁基锡化合物的主要来源。此外，正如在泰国所报道的那样，在香港和马来西亚的养殖区采集的贻贝中也观察到了相对较高浓度的丁基锡化合物。随着亚洲经济状况最近的改善，水产养殖中三丁基锡的使用量可能会增加。尽管大多数亚洲发展中国家贻贝样本中的污染水平普遍较低，但来自香港、印度、马来西亚、菲律宾和泰国污染地区的一些样本显示出与发达国家相当的水平。此外，一些来自污染地区的贻贝中三丁基锡的浓度超过了对生物产生毒性影响的阈值以及作为人类食用海产品的估计可耐受平均残留水平。在贻贝中观察到σBTs和σSn的浓度之间存在显著相关性，并且在来自海上/人类活动频繁地点的贻贝中，σBTs在σSn中所占比例大多为100%。这表明人为来源的丁基锡化合物是贻贝中锡积累的主要来源。据我们所知，这是关于亚太地区发展中国家丁基锡污染监测的第一份综合报告。
