Tarrant Mihael A, Cordell H Ken
1-309 Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2152, USA.
Environ Manage. 2002 Nov;30(5):692-703. doi: 10.1007/s00267-002-2722-7.
Public values toward forests have changed since the late 1980s, from a commodity-oriented perspective toward a more inclusive (commodity and non-commodity) orientation. This study examines the influence of four indicators of population diversity (age, ethnic background, place of residence, and gender) on amenity values of forests, environmental attitudes, and forest value-attitude correspondence. Four values of public and private forests were assessed, wood production (utilitarian value), clean air (a life support value), scenic beauty (an aesthetic value), and heritage (a spiritual value). Environmental attitudes were measured using a modified version of the New Environmental Paradigm scale. Five hundred and forty-eight randomly selected residents of households in 13 states of the Southern United States participated in a telephone interview. Age and ethnic background were found to moderate the value-attitude relationship, with the strength of the association being dependent upon the type of forest (i.e., public or private) and the forest value (i.e., utilitarian, life support, spiritual, and aesthetic). Females, younger persons (less than 43 years old), and whites reported lower utilitarian values of forests than their respective counterparts. Results are interpreted within the context of an emerging post-material society, in which a biocentric orientation to forests and the natural environment may be favored more by a younger (versus older) generation and increasingly racially diverse U.S. population. Implications for managing forests using a multiple-values (versus multiple-uses) approach are discussed.
自20世纪80年代末以来，公众对森林的价值观发生了变化，从以商品为导向的视角转向了更具包容性（商品和非商品）的取向。本研究考察了人口多样性的四个指标（年龄、种族背景、居住地和性别）对森林的舒适价值、环境态度以及森林价值-态度对应关系的影响。评估了公有林和私有林的四种价值，即木材生产（功利价值）、清洁空气（生命支持价值）、风景美（审美价值）和遗产（精神价值）。使用新环境范式量表的修改版来衡量环境态度。在美国南部13个州随机选取548户居民进行电话访谈。研究发现，年龄和种族背景会调节价值-态度关系，这种关联的强度取决于森林类型（即公有林或私有林）和森林价值（即功利、生命支持、精神和审美）。女性、年轻人（43岁以下）和白人报告的森林功利价值低于各自的对应群体。研究结果在新兴的后物质社会背景下进行了解读，在后物质社会中，年轻一代（相对于年长一代）以及种族日益多样化的美国人口可能更倾向于对森林和自然环境采取以生物为中心的取向。讨论了采用多价值（而非多用途）方法管理森林的意义。
