Tourchin M E, Lafferty K D, Kuris A M
Marine Science Institute and Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
Parasitology. 2002;124 Suppl:S137-51. doi: 10.1017/s0031182002001506.
Introduced marine species are a major environmental and economic problem. The rate of these biological invasions has substantially increased in recent years due to the globalization of the world's economies. The damage caused by invasive species is often a result of the higher densities and larger sizes they attain compared to where they are native. A prominent hypothesis explaining the success of introduced species is that they are relatively free of the effects of natural enemies. Most notably, they may encounter fewer parasites in their introduced range compared to their native range. Parasites are ubiquitous and pervasive in marine systems, yet their role in marine invasions is relatively unexplored. Although data on parasites of marine organisms exist, the extent to which parasites can mediate marine invasions, or the extent to which invasive parasites and pathogens are responsible for infecting or potentially decimating native marine species have not been examined. In this review, we present a theoretical framework to model invasion success and examine the evidence for a relationship between parasite presence and the success of introduced marine species. For this, we compare the prevalence and species richness of parasites in several introduced populations of marine species with populations where they are native. We also discuss the potential impacts of introduced marine parasites on native ecosystems.
外来海洋物种是一个重大的环境和经济问题。近年来，由于世界经济全球化，这些生物入侵的速度大幅上升。入侵物种造成的破坏往往是因为它们在引入地的密度更高、体型更大，相比其原生地而言。一个解释外来物种成功的突出假说是，它们相对不受天敌影响。最值得注意的是，与原生地相比，它们在引入地可能遇到较少的寄生虫。寄生虫在海洋系统中无处不在且分布广泛，但其在海洋入侵中的作用相对未被充分研究。尽管存在关于海洋生物寄生虫的数据，但寄生虫介导海洋入侵的程度，或者入侵寄生虫和病原体感染或可能毁灭本地海洋物种的程度尚未得到研究。在本综述中，我们提出一个理论框架来模拟入侵成功情况，并研究寄生虫存在与外来海洋物种成功之间关系的证据。为此，我们比较了几种海洋物种引入种群与其原生种群中寄生虫的患病率和物种丰富度。我们还讨论了外来海洋寄生虫对本地生态系统的潜在影响。
