Williams R B
Schering-Plough Animal Health, Breakspear Road South, Harefield, Middlesex UB9 6LS, United Kingdom.
Avian Pathol. 2002 Aug;31(4):317-53. doi: 10.1080/03079450220148988.
The use of live vaccines, either attenuated or non-attenuated, for the control of coccidiosis due to Eimeria infections in broiler breeder or layer chickens is well established. Use in broilers, however, has been slow to gain acceptance. This has been partly for economic reasons, but also because of perceived adverse effects on early chick growth, particularly with non-attenuated vaccines, and concerns about timely onset of protective immunity in such short-lived birds. This review describes advances in understanding of epidemiological factors and recent improvements of administration methods that have helped to allay these fears and to make the use of anticoccidial vaccines in broilers technically achievable. Topics discussed include: (1) types of commercially available vaccine, (2) vaccines in development, (3) vaccination methods and equipment, (4) basis of vaccine efficacy and immunogenic variation of parasites, (5) key factors in the survival, sporulation and dissemination of vaccinal oocysts, (6) descriptions and significance of patterns of litter oocyst accumulation and occurrence of intestinal lesions in vaccinated flocks, (7) rotation of anticoccidial vaccination and chemotherapy to restore drug sensitivity to resistant wild-type coccidia, (8) combinations of anticoccidial vaccination and chemotherapy, (9) interactions between coccidiosis and clostridiosis in broilers and compatibilities of potential control methods, (10) published performance data for live anticoccidial vaccines in broilers, (11) possible further developments of live vaccines.
使用活疫苗（无论是减毒疫苗还是非减毒疫苗）来控制肉种鸡或蛋鸡因艾美耳球虫感染引起的球虫病，这一点已得到充分证实。然而，在肉鸡中使用活疫苗的接受度增长缓慢。部分原因是经济因素，但也因为人们认为活疫苗，尤其是非减毒疫苗，会对雏鸡早期生长产生不良影响，并且担心在这种寿命较短的禽类中保护性免疫不能及时产生。这篇综述描述了在流行病学因素理解方面的进展以及给药方法的最新改进，这些进展有助于消除这些担忧，并使在肉鸡中使用抗球虫疫苗在技术上成为可能。讨论的主题包括：（1）市售疫苗的类型，（2）正在研发的疫苗，（3）接种方法和设备，（4）疫苗效力的基础以及寄生虫免疫原性的变化，（5）疫苗卵囊存活、孢子化和传播的关键因素，（6）接种鸡群垫料中卵囊积累模式和肠道病变发生情况的描述及意义，（7）抗球虫疫苗接种和化疗的轮换以恢复对耐药野生型球虫的药物敏感性，（8）抗球虫疫苗接种和化疗的联合使用，（9）肉鸡球虫病与梭菌病之间的相互作用以及潜在控制方法的兼容性，（10）已发表的肉鸡活抗球虫疫苗的性能数据，（11）活疫苗可能的进一步发展。
