Kim B R, Anderson J E, Mueller S A, Gaines W A, Kendall A M
Ford Research Laboratory, Dearborn, MI 48121, USA.
Water Res. 2002 Nov;36(18):4433-44. doi: 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00188-4.
There have been reported outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease at hospitals and industrial facilities, which prompted the development of various preventive measures. For example, Ford has been developing and implementing such a measure at its facilities worldwide to provide technical guidance for controlling Legionella in water systems. One of the key issues for implementing the measure is the selection of a disinfectant(s) and optimum conditions for its use. Therefore, available publications on various disinfectants and disinfection processes used for the inactivation of Legionella bacteria were reviewed. Two disinfection methods were reviewed: chemical and thermal. For chemical methods, disinfectants used were metal ions (copper and silver), oxidizing agents (halogen containing compounds [chlorine, bromine, iodine, chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and halogenated hydantoins], ozone, and hydrogen peroxide), non-oxidizing agents (heterocyclic ketones, guanidines, thiocarbamates, aldehydes, amines, thiocyanates, organo-tin compounds, halogenated amides, and halogenated glycols), and UV light. In general, oxidizing disinfectants were found to be more effective than non-oxidizing ones. Among oxidizing agents, chlorine is known to be effective and widely used. Among non-oxidizing agents, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitropropionamide appears to be the most effective followed by glutaraldehyde. Isothiazolin (known as Kathon), polyhexamethylene biguanide, and 2-bromo-2-nitropropionamide (known as Bronopol) were found to be less effective than glutaraldehyde. Thermal disinfection is effective at > 60 degrees C (140 degrees F).
据报道，医院和工业设施曾爆发军团病，这促使人们制定了各种预防措施。例如，福特一直在其全球设施中开发和实施这样一项措施，为控制水系统中的军团菌提供技术指导。实施该措施的关键问题之一是选择消毒剂及其最佳使用条件。因此，对有关用于灭活军团菌的各种消毒剂和消毒过程的现有出版物进行了综述。综述了两种消毒方法：化学消毒和热消毒。对于化学方法，所使用的消毒剂有金属离子（铜和银）、氧化剂（含卤素化合物[氯、溴、碘、二氧化氯、氯胺和卤化乙内酰脲]、臭氧和过氧化氢）、非氧化剂（杂环酮、胍、硫代氨基甲酸盐、醛、胺、硫氰酸盐、有机锡化合物、卤化酰胺和卤化二醇）以及紫外线。一般来说，发现氧化消毒剂比非氧化消毒剂更有效。在氧化剂中，氯已知有效且广泛使用。在非氧化剂中，2,2 - 二溴 - 3 - 硝基丙酰胺似乎最有效，其次是戊二醛。异噻唑啉（商品名凯松）、聚六亚甲基双胍和2 - 溴 - 2 - 硝基丙酰胺（商品名布罗波尔）被发现不如戊二醛有效。热消毒在>60摄氏度（140华氏度）时有效。
