Paerl Hans W, Dyble Julianne, Twomey Luke, Pinckney James L, Nelson Joshua, Kerkhof Lee
Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City 28557, USA.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2002 Aug;81(1-4):487-507. doi: 10.1023/a:1020561422706.
The impacts of growing coastal pollution and habitat alteration accompanying human encroachment are of great concern at the microbial level, where much of the ocean's primary production and biogeochemical cycling takes place. Coastal ecosystems are also under the influence of natural perturbations such as major storwns and flooding. Distinguishing the impacts of natural and human stressors is essential for understanding environmentally-induced change in microbial diversity and function. The objective of this paper is to discuss the applications and merits of recently developed molecular, ecophysiological and analytical indicators and their utility in examining anthropogenic and climatic impacts on the structure and function of coastal microbial communities. The nitrogen-limited Neuse River Estuary and Pamlico Sound, North Carolina are used as examples of ecosystems experiencing both anthropogenic (i.e., accelerating eutrophication) and climatic stress (increasing frequencies of tropical storms and hurricanes). Additional examples are derived from a coastal monitoring site (LEO) on the Atlantic coast of New Jersey and Galveston Bay, on the Gulf of Mexico. In order to assess structure, function, and trophic state of these and other coastal ecosystems, molecular (DNA and RNA-based) characterizations of the microbial taxa involved in carbon, nitrogen and other nutrient transformations can be combined with diagnostic pigment-based indicators of primary producer groups. Application of these methods can reveal process-level microbial community responses to environmental variability over a range of scales. Experimental approaches combined with strategic monitoring utilizing these methods will facilitate: (a) understanding organismal and community responses to environmental change, and (b) synthesizing these responses in the context of ecosystem models that integrate physical, chemical and biotic variability with environmental controls.
随着人类活动的侵入，沿海污染加剧和栖息地改变，其影响在微生物层面备受关注，因为海洋的大部分初级生产和生物地球化学循环都发生在这一层面。沿海生态系统还受到诸如大型风暴和洪水等自然扰动的影响。区分自然和人为压力源的影响对于理解环境诱导的微生物多样性和功能变化至关重要。本文的目的是讨论最近开发的分子、生态生理学和分析指标的应用及优点，以及它们在研究人为和气候对沿海微生物群落结构和功能影响方面的作用。北卡罗来纳州氮受限的纽斯河河口和帕姆利科湾被用作经历人为（即加速富营养化）和气候压力（热带风暴和飓风频率增加）的生态系统实例。其他实例来自新泽西州大西洋海岸的一个沿海监测点（LEO）和墨西哥湾的加尔维斯顿湾。为了评估这些及其他沿海生态系统的结构、功能和营养状态，可以将参与碳、氮和其他养分转化的微生物类群的分子（基于DNA和RNA）特征与基于诊断色素的初级生产者群体指标相结合。应用这些方法可以揭示微生物群落在一系列尺度上对环境变化的过程级响应。将实验方法与利用这些方法的战略监测相结合将有助于：（a）理解生物体和群落对环境变化的响应，以及（b）在整合物理、化学和生物变异性与环境控制的生态系统模型背景下综合这些响应。
