Carifio James, Rhodes Lauren
UMASS-Lowell, Lowell, MA 02478, USA.
Work. 2002;19(2):125-36.
This study assessed the construct validities and the relationships between Optimism [21], Hope [27], Self-Efficacy [18], and Locus of Control [12]. The validities and relationships between these scales were examined not only because they are to some degree rival constructs but also because there is an outstanding theoretical question in the literature of whether each of these variables is a state or trait variable or both. Synder' Hope scale was the "know marker" trait-state scale in this study. Data were obtained on all scales from 78 at-risk university students and 22 regular (or normal) students, as all scales either make claims about or have existing data on these two different types of subjects. Other background data were also collected. A Manova on the 13 variables for which data were obtained found significant profile differences between the two groups of subjects as theory and the literature predicted at the 0.01 level. The trait-state two factor structure of Synder's Hope scale was found except the structure was orthogonal in at-risk students as opposed to the oblique structure Synder found in normals. The same strong results were obtained for Schiever and Carver's Optimism scale which additionally resolved an outstanding interpetability issue with this scale. Hypothesized factor structures were not obtained for the self-efficacy or the locus of control scales and both scales best fit the trait-sate model, which contradicts Bandura's and other prevailing view of these two variables, but supports the results found by Bandalos et al. [2].
本研究评估了乐观主义[21]、希望[27]、自我效能感[18]和控制点[12]之间的结构效度及相互关系。对这些量表之间的效度和关系进行考察，不仅是因为它们在某种程度上是相互竞争的概念，还因为在文献中有一个突出的理论问题，即这些变量中的每一个是状态变量、特质变量还是两者皆是。斯奈德的希望量表是本研究中的“已知标记”特质-状态量表。从78名有风险的大学生和22名普通（或正常）学生那里获取了所有量表的数据，因为所有量表要么对这两类不同的受试者有所宣称，要么已有关于他们的数据。还收集了其他背景数据。对获取数据的13个变量进行的多变量方差分析发现，正如理论和文献所预测的，两组受试者在0.01水平上存在显著的轮廓差异。除了在有风险的学生中该结构是正交的，而不是斯奈德在正常学生中发现的斜交结构外，发现了斯奈德希望量表的特质-状态双因素结构。对于施弗和卡弗的乐观主义量表也得到了同样有力的结果，该量表还解决了关于此量表的一个突出的可解释性问题。未获得自我效能感量表或控制点量表的假设因素结构，且这两个量表都最符合特质-状态模型，这与班杜拉及其他关于这两个变量的主流观点相矛盾，但支持了班达洛斯等人[2]的研究结果。
