Kojevnikov Alexei
Department of History, University of Georgia, Athens.
Sci Context. 2002 Jun;15(2):239-75. doi: 10.1017/s0269889702000443.
The revolutionary transformation in Russian science toward the Soviet model of research started even before the revolution of 1917. It was triggered by the crisis of World War I, in response to which Russian academics proposed radical changes in the goals and infrastructure of the country's scientific effort. Their drafts envisioned the recognition of science as a profession separate from teaching, the creation of research institutes, and the turn toward practical, applied research linked to the military and industrial needs of the nation. The political revolution and especially the Bolshevik government that shared or appropriated many of the same views on science, helped these reforms materialize during the subsequent Civil War. By 1921, the foundation of a novel system of research and development became established, which in its most essential characteristics was similar to the U. S. later phenomenon known as "big science."
俄国科学向苏联研究模式的革命性转变甚至在1917年革命之前就已开始。它是由第一次世界大战的危机引发的，作为对此的回应，俄国学者提议对该国科学事业的目标和基础设施进行彻底变革。他们的草案设想将科学视为一种与教学分开的职业，创建研究机构，并转向与国家军事和工业需求相关的实用、应用研究。政治革命，尤其是布尔什维克政府在科学问题上持有或采纳了许多相同观点，这有助于这些改革在随后的内战期间得以实现。到1921年，一个新颖的研发体系的基础得以确立，其最本质的特征类似于美国后来被称为“大科学”的现象。
