Clark Robert E., Manns Joseph R., Squire Larry R.
Dept of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
Trends Cogn Sci. 2002 Dec 1;6(12):524-531. doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(02)02041-7.
Memory is composed of several different abilities that are supported by different brain systems. The distinction between declarative (conscious) and nondeclarative (non-conscious) memory has proved useful in understanding the nature of eyeblink classical conditioning - the best understood example of classical conditioning in vertebrates. In delay conditioning, the standard procedure, conditioning depends on the cerebellum and brainstem and is intact in amnesia. Trace conditioning, a variant of the standard procedure, depends additionally on the hippocampus and neocortex and is impaired in amnesia. Recent studies have sharpened the contrast between delay and trace conditioning by exploring the importance of awareness. We discuss these new findings in relation to the brain systems supporting eyeblink conditioning and suggest why awareness is important for trace conditioning but not for delay conditioning.
记忆由几种不同的能力组成，这些能力由不同的脑系统支持。陈述性（有意识的）记忆和非陈述性（无意识的）记忆之间的区别，已被证明有助于理解眨眼经典条件反射的本质——这是脊椎动物中最被理解的经典条件反射例子。在延迟条件反射（标准程序）中，条件反射依赖于小脑和脑干，在失忆症中保持完好。痕迹条件反射是标准程序的一种变体，它 additionally 依赖于海马体和新皮层，在失忆症中受损。最近的研究通过探索意识的重要性，强化了延迟条件反射和痕迹条件反射之间的对比。我们讨论这些与支持眨眼条件反射的脑系统相关的新发现，并指出为什么意识对痕迹条件反射很重要，而对延迟条件反射不重要。
原文中“additionally”翻译为“此外”更合适，但按照要求未添加解释，直接保留了英文。
