Ahne W, Bjorklund H V, Essbauer S, Fijan N, Kurath G, Winton J R
Institute of Zoology, Fishery Biology and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Kaulbachstrasse 37, 80539 Munich, Germany.
Dis Aquat Organ. 2002 Dec 10;52(3):261-72. doi: 10.3354/dao052261.
Spring viremia of carp (SVC) is an important disease affecting cyprinids, mainly common carp Cyprinus carpio. The disease is widespread in European carp culture, where it causes significant morbidity and mortality. Designated a notifiable disease by the Office International des Epizooties, SVC is caused by a rhabdovirus, spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Affected fish show destruction of tissues in the kidney, spleen and liver, leading to hemorrhage, loss of water-salt balance and impairment of immune response. High mortality occurs at water temperatures of 10 to 17 degrees C, typically in spring. At higher temperatures, infected carp develop humoral antibodies that can neutralize the spread of virus and such carp are protected against re-infection by solid immunity. The virus is shed mostly with the feces and urine of clinically infected fish and by carriers. Waterborne transmission is believed to be the primary route of infection, but bloodsucking parasites like leeches and the carp louse may serve as mechanical vectors of SVCV. The genome of SVCV is composed of a single molecule of linear, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA containing 5 genes in the order 3'-NPMGL-5' coding for the viral nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, glycoprotein, and polymerase, respectively. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the viral proteins, and sequence homologies between the genes and gene junctions of SVCV and vesicular stomatitis viruses, have led to the placement of the virus as a tentative member of the genus Vesiculovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. These methods also revealed that SVCV is not related to fish rhabdoviruses of the genus Novirhabdovirus. In vitro replication of SVCV takes place in the cytoplasm of cultured cells of fish, bird and mammalian origin at temperatures of 4 to 31 degrees C, with an optimum of about 20 degrees C. Spring viremia of carp can be diagnosed by clinical signs, isolation of virus in cell culture and molecular methods. Antibodies directed against SVCV react with the homologous virus in serum neutralization, immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, but they cross-react to various degrees with the pike fry rhabdovirus (PFR), suggesting the 2 viruses are closely related. However, SVCV and PFR can be distinguished by certain serological tests and molecular methods such as the ribonuclease protection assay.
鲤春病毒血症（SVC）是一种影响鲤科鱼类的重要疾病，主要感染鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）。该病在欧洲鲤鱼养殖中广泛传播，可导致显著的发病率和死亡率。国际兽疫局将其列为须申报疾病，SVC由一种弹状病毒——鲤春病毒血症病毒（SVCV）引起。受感染的鱼肾脏、脾脏和肝脏组织遭到破坏，导致出血、水盐平衡失调及免疫反应受损。在水温10至17摄氏度时，通常在春季会出现高死亡率。在较高温度下，受感染的鲤鱼会产生体液抗体，可中和病毒传播，此类鲤鱼通过牢固的免疫力免受再次感染。该病毒主要通过临床感染鱼及带毒者的粪便和尿液排出。水传播被认为是主要感染途径，但水蛭和鲤虱等吸血寄生虫可能作为SVCV的机械传播媒介。SVCV基因组由单分子线性、负链、单链RNA组成，包含5个基因，顺序为3'-NPMGL-5'，分别编码病毒核蛋白、磷蛋白、基质蛋白、糖蛋白和聚合酶。病毒蛋白的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳以及SVCV与水疱性口炎病毒的基因和基因连接处的序列同源性，已使该病毒被暂定为弹状病毒科水疱病毒属的成员。这些方法还表明，SVCV与诺维氏弹状病毒属的鱼类弹状病毒无关。SVCV在鱼类、鸟类和哺乳动物来源的培养细胞的细胞质中于4至31摄氏度进行体外复制，最适温度约为20摄氏度。鲤春病毒血症可通过临床症状、细胞培养中病毒分离及分子方法进行诊断。针对SVCV的抗体在血清中和试验、免疫荧光、免疫过氧化物酶或酶联免疫吸附试验中与同源病毒发生反应，但它们与梭鲈幼鱼弹状病毒（PFR）有不同程度的交叉反应，表明这两种病毒密切相关。然而，SVCV和PFR可通过某些血清学试验和分子方法如核糖核酸酶保护试验加以区分。
