Daisey J M, Angell W J, Apte M G
Indoor Environment Department, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Indoor Air. 2003 Mar;13(1):53-64. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0668.2003.00153.x.
We reviewed the literature on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), ventilation, and building-related health problems in schools and identified commonly reported building-related health symptoms involving schools until 1999. We collected existing data on ventilation rates, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and symptom-relevant indoor air contaminants, and evaluated information on causal relationships between pollutant exposures and health symptoms. Reported ventilation and CO2 data strongly indicate that ventilation is inadequate in many classrooms, possibly leading to health symptoms. Adequate ventilation should be a major focus of design or remediation efforts. Total volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde (HCHO) and microbiological contaminants are reported. Low HCHO concentrations were unlikely to cause acute irritant symptoms (<0.05 ppm), but possibly increased risks for allergen sensitivities, chronic irritation, and cancer. Reported microbiological contaminants included allergens in deposited dust, fungi, and bacteria. Levels of specific allergens were sufficient to cause symptoms in allergic occupants. Measurements of airborne bacteria and airborne and surface fungal spores were reported in schoolrooms. Asthma and 'sick building syndrome' symptoms are commonly reported. The few studies investigating causal relationships between health symptoms and exposures to specific pollutants suggest that such symptoms in schools are related to exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), molds and microbial VOCs, and allergens.
我们查阅了有关学校室内空气质量（IAQ）、通风及建筑相关健康问题的文献，并确定了截至1999年常见的与学校建筑相关的健康症状。我们收集了通风率、二氧化碳（CO₂）浓度及与症状相关的室内空气污染物的现有数据，并评估了污染物暴露与健康症状之间因果关系的信息。报告的通风和CO₂数据有力地表明，许多教室通风不足，可能导致健康症状。充足的通风应成为设计或整治工作的主要重点。报告了总挥发性有机化合物、甲醛（HCHO）和微生物污染物的情况。低浓度的HCHO不太可能引起急性刺激症状（<0.05 ppm），但可能会增加过敏反应、慢性刺激和癌症的风险。报告的微生物污染物包括沉积灰尘中的过敏原、真菌和细菌。特定过敏原的水平足以使过敏人群出现症状。报告了教室中空气传播细菌以及空气传播和表面真菌孢子的测量情况。哮喘和“病态建筑综合征”症状很常见。少数研究健康症状与特定污染物暴露之间因果关系的研究表明，学校中的此类症状与挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）、霉菌和微生物VOCs以及过敏原的暴露有关。
