Seznec J-C, Lépine J-P, Pélissolo A
Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre cedex.
Encephale. 2003 Jan-Feb;29(1):29-33.
The high-standard sport practice requires an optimum functioning level of the individual in all its physiological systems as a whole. If the physical program training progressed much these last years, the techniques of mental preparations are still very heterogeneous and are not based on any validated procedures, based only on individual practices. Nevertheless, the majority of athletes and trainers stress the major importance of "mental" in the realization of performances. One of the obstacles in the mental training of the athletes is the difficulty in finding tools making it possible to evaluate and measure the psychic state of the individual and its mode of coping and adjustment, apart from any psychopathology. Few studies have been carried out on applicability of the personality questionnaires derived from the current dimensional models in these populations. Our study aimed to describe the personality of the members of the french junior team of road cycling, using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) developed by Cloninger to explore the seven dimensions of his psychobiologic model of personality. In this model, four dimensions are temperament factors, and three are character factors. The three main dimensions of temperament are Novelty Seeking (NS), ie the tendency towards excitement in response to novel or rewarding stimuli, Harm Avoidance (HA) hypothesized to represent the tendency to respond intensely to signals of adverse stimuli, and Reward Dependence reflecting the tendency to respond intensely to signals of reward and to maintain behavior previously associated with reward. These personality traits are hypothetically related to underlying neurotransmitter systems (especially NS to dopaminergic function and HA to serotonergic function). The two main dimensions of character are Self-Directedness (SD) and Cooperativeness (C), measuring maturity traits respectively concerning individual and social adaptation. In this study, we used a computerized version of the TCI in a sample of 18 racing cyclists, ie all the members of the french junior national team. Their results were compared to those of 26 male, young, community subjects, derived from the french normative validation sample of the TCI. Mean comparisons were performed with the Mann-Whitney test, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. A significant difference between subjects and controls was obtained for Reward Dependence (p<0.0001), attachment RD3 (p<0.0001), and dependence RD4 (p<0.0025). No significant difference appeared between both groups for the other temperament or character dimensions. Based on temperamental Cloninger typology, the type "passionate" appeared to be the most frequent in this sample (55.6%). These results suggested that the TCI can be easily and usefully used in athletes, and that the personality profile of young competitive cyclists is not abnormal except a high level of reward dependence. Numerous applications can be derived from this use: the development of specific and personalized mental training, the screening and prevention of psychological vulnerability.
高标准的体育训练要求个体的所有生理系统整体处于最佳功能水平。尽管近年来体育项目训练取得了很大进展，但心理准备技术仍然非常多样化，且并非基于任何经过验证的程序，仅基于个人实践。然而，大多数运动员和教练都强调“心理”在成绩实现中的重要性。运动员心理训练的障碍之一是难以找到能够评估和测量个体心理状态及其应对和调整方式的工具，且不涉及任何精神病理学问题。关于从当前维度模型衍生出的人格问卷在这些人群中的适用性，相关研究较少。我们的研究旨在使用克隆宁格开发的气质与性格量表（TCI）来描述法国青少年公路自行车队队员的性格，以探索其人格心理生物学模型的七个维度。在这个模型中，四个维度是气质因素，三个是性格因素。气质的三个主要维度是新奇寻求（NS），即对新奇或奖励刺激做出兴奋反应的倾向；回避伤害（HA），假设代表对不利刺激信号做出强烈反应的倾向；奖励依赖，反映对奖励信号做出强烈反应并维持先前与奖励相关行为的倾向。这些人格特质假设与潜在的神经递质系统有关（特别是NS与多巴胺能功能，HA与血清素能功能）。性格的两个主要维度是自我导向（SD）和合作性（C），分别测量与个体和社会适应相关的成熟特质。在本研究中，我们对18名自行车赛车手（即法国青少年国家队的所有队员）使用了TCI的计算机化版本。将他们的结果与来自TCI法国标准验证样本的26名年轻男性社区受试者的结果进行比较。使用曼-惠特尼检验进行均值比较，并采用邦费罗尼校正进行多重比较。在奖励依赖（p<0.0001）、依恋RD3（p<0.0001）和依赖RD4（p<0.0025）方面，受试者与对照组之间存在显著差异。在其他气质或性格维度上，两组之间未出现显著差异。基于克隆宁格的气质类型学，“热情型”在该样本中似乎最为常见（55.6%）。这些结果表明，TCI可以轻松且有效地应用于运动员，并且年轻竞技自行车运动员的人格特征除了奖励依赖程度较高外并无异常。这种应用可以衍生出许多用途：开发特定的个性化心理训练、筛查和预防心理脆弱性。
