Interactions of estrogen and insulin-like growth factor-I in the brain: molecular mechanisms and functional implications.

In the brain, as in other tissues, estradiol interacts with growth factors. One of the growth factors that is involved in the neural actions of estradiol is insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Estradiol and IGF-I cooperate in the central nervous system to regulate neuronal development, neural plasticity, neuroendocrine events and the response of neural tissue to injury. The precise molecular mechanisms involved in these interactions are still not well understood. In the central nervous system there is abundant co-expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and IGF-I receptors (IGF-IRs) in the same cells. Furthermore, the expression of estrogen receptors and IGF-I receptors in the brain is cross-regulated. In addition, using specific antibodies for the phosphorylated forms of extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and ERK2 and Akt/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) it has been shown that estradiol affects IGF-I signaling pathways in the brain. Estradiol treatment results in a dose-dependent increase in the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt/PKB in the brain of adult ovariectomized rats. In addition, estradiol and IGF-I have a synergistic effects on the activation of Akt/PKB in the adult rat brain. These findings suggest that estrogen effects in the brain may be mediated in part by the activation of the signaling pathways of the IGF-I receptor.