von Holleben K, Henke S, Schmidt T, Bostelmann N, von Wenzlawowicz M, Hartung J
Training and Consultancy Institute for Careful Handling of Breeding and Slaughter Animals (BSI), Schwarzenbek, Germany.
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2003 Mar;110(3):93-9.
In a field study 63 commercial cattle transports to German slaughter plants including 580 bulls, cows and heifers were investigated to estimate the impact of pre and post transport aspects on animal welfare. Study 1 evaluated these aspects as part of a large model covering all possible influences at transport and slaughter on biochemical stress response and carcass and meat quality. Included were keeping system, behavioural and clinical observations at loading, unloading and lairage, transport time, loading density, mounting prevention, regrouping and lairage time. In study 2 more detailed questions about loading and unloading were answered by investigating the impact of facility design and handling criteria on cattle behaviour and heart rate. Cattle from tied housing show an increased stress response to all transport procedures. Many aspects of facility design and handling contribute to quality of loading. Cattle show calmer behaviour, turn, balk or fall less if they are not mixed and driven in small groups on driveways without impediments but with regular sideblock, not wider than the vehicle ramp. Vehicle ramps should have high and closed side gates, be inclined less than 20 degrees, and the step towards ramp should be less than 15 cm. Unloading is improved if performed level and to the back of the vehicle (behaviour, heart rate, cortisol, CK). Direct reloading should be avoided and mounting should be prevented during transport and lairage (CK, lactate, bruising). But mounting prevention devices may increase bruising if set too low (< 20 cm above withers). Longer lairage time is disadvantageous (CK, energy metabolism).
在一项实地研究中，对63次运往德国屠宰场的商业性牲畜运输进行了调查，其中包括580头公牛、母牛和小母牛，以评估运输前后各方面因素对动物福利的影响。研究1将这些方面作为一个大型模型的一部分进行评估，该模型涵盖了运输和屠宰过程中对生化应激反应以及胴体和肉质的所有可能影响。其中包括饲养系统、装卸和畜栏停留期间的行为及临床观察、运输时间、装载密度、防止攀爬、重新编组以及畜栏停留时间。在研究2中，通过调查设施设计和处理标准对牛行为和心率的影响，回答了有关装卸的更详细问题。来自拴系式畜舍的牛对所有运输程序的应激反应增强。设施设计和处理的许多方面有助于提高装载质量。如果牛不在车道上被混群驱赶，而是在没有障碍物但有规则侧栏（不宽于车辆坡道）的情况下小群驱赶，它们的行为会更平静，转身、犹豫或跌倒的情况会更少。车辆坡道应设有高且封闭的侧门，倾斜度小于20度，通向坡道的台阶应小于15厘米。如果在与车辆水平且朝向车辆后部的位置进行卸载（行为、心率、皮质醇、肌酸激酶），卸载效果会更好。应避免直接重新装载，并在运输和畜栏停留期间防止攀爬（肌酸激酶、乳酸、擦伤）。但是，如果防止攀爬装置设置过低（肩部上方<20厘米），可能会增加擦伤。较长的畜栏停留时间是不利的（肌酸激酶、能量代谢）。
