Szubert Zuzanna, Sobala Wojciech
Zakładu Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej, Instytutu Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera w Łodzi.
Med Pr. 2003;54(1):9-15.
Ownership and restructuring transformations that are taking now place in Poland, as well as the situation on the labor market have their impact on the indicators, which illustrate the workers' health situation, including temporary work disability preceding the issue of the certification granting the disability pension. The aim of this analysis was to identify the changes in the extent and causes of sickness absence among workers after restructuring. The study was carried out in one of the largest transport industry enterprises during the years of its restructuring (1984-1994), covering 8588 workers, and after its restructuring (1997-1999), covering 2702 workers. Following the restructuring, the enterprise's staff was rejuvenated so that the number of workers aged over 50 years decreased by almost fifty percent. The analysis was based on the sickness absence rate calculated as the ratio between the number of days of work disability in a given period of time and the number of person-days in the same period. In 1997-1999, a 33% decrease in sickness absence among women and a 25% decrease among men were observed in the study enterprise as compared with the period of 1989-1994. However, the enhanced absence was also found due to the following diseases: mental disorders (a threefold increase in men); diseases of the musculoskeletal system (by 54% in men and by 43% in women); endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and immunity disorders (a threefold increase in women). Following the restructuring, considerable changes in the sickness absence structure, by causes of diseases, were revealed. A substantial decrease in the share of male and female absence due to diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems and almost threefold decrease in complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium in women were noted. In addition, over twofold increase in male and female sickness absence due to diseases of the musculoskeletal system, and lower but significant increase due to mental pathologies (from 3 to 12% in males and from 4 to 7% in women) were recorded. The changes observed in sickness absence result mainly from the changes in the magnitude and structure of employment in the restructured enterprise and related organizational modifications, which arise stressogenic situations among workers, more intensified at risk of unemployment.
波兰目前正在进行的所有制和结构转型，以及劳动力市场状况，都对一些指标产生了影响，这些指标反映了工人的健康状况，包括在发放残疾抚恤金证明之前的临时工作残疾情况。本分析的目的是确定重组后工人病假天数的变化程度及其原因。该研究在一家最大的运输行业企业进行，涵盖了其重组期间（1984 - 1994年）的8588名工人，以及重组后（1997 - 1999年）的2702名工人。重组后，企业员工年轻化，50岁以上工人数量减少了近50%。分析基于病假率，病假率计算为特定时间段内工作残疾天数与同期人日数之比。与1989 - 1994年期间相比，1997 - 1999年该研究企业中女性病假天数减少了33%，男性减少了25%。然而，由于以下疾病导致的病假天数也有所增加：精神障碍（男性增加了两倍）；肌肉骨骼系统疾病（男性增加54%，女性增加43%）；内分泌、营养和代谢疾病以及免疫障碍（女性增加了两倍）。重组后，按疾病原因划分的病假结构发生了显著变化。因呼吸系统和循环系统疾病导致的男性和女性病假比例大幅下降，女性妊娠、分娩和产褥期并发症病假比例几乎下降了两倍。此外，因肌肉骨骼系统疾病导致的男性和女性病假天数增加了两倍多，因精神疾病导致的病假天数虽增加幅度较小但也显著（男性从3%增至12%，女性从4%增至7%）。病假天数的变化主要源于重组企业就业规模和结构的变化以及相关组织调整，这些变化在工人中引发了应激源状况，而失业风险加剧了这种状况。
