Galloway Tamara, Handy Richard
Plymouth Environmental Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth UK.
Ecotoxicology. 2003 Feb-Aug;12(1-4):345-63. doi: 10.1023/a:1022579416322.
This study reviews the toxic effects of organophosphate (OP) pesticides on the immune systems and immune functions of invertebrates, fish, and higher vertebrate wildlife. The fundamental features and mechanisms of OP-induced immunotoxicity are illustrated with reference to parathion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon. Immunotoxicity may be direct via inhibition of serine hydrolases or esterases in components of the immune system, through oxidative damage to immune organs, or by modulation of signal transduction pathways controlling immune functions. Indirect effects include modulation by the nervous system, or chronic effects of altered metabolism/nutrition on immune organs. Immunotoxicities are varied and include pathology of immune organs, and decreased humoral and/or cell mediated immunity. Altered non-specific immunity, decreased host resistance, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity are also features of immunotoxicity; although not all of these have been conclusively demonstrated in terms of pollutant exposure and immunotoxic effects in wildlife within individual experiments. Immunotoxicological biomarkers and biological monitoring tools are urgently needed to assess the extent of immunotoxicity in wildlife. Selection of universal biomarkers is hampered by the physiological diversity of immune systems in animals. However, by drawing on evidence from human epidemiology and tiered approaches in mammalian immunotoxicity evaluation, a selection of generic biomarkers of immunotoxicity in animals is suggested. Priorities for future research are also identified.
本研究综述了有机磷酸酯（OP）农药对无脊椎动物、鱼类和高等脊椎动物野生动物免疫系统及免疫功能的毒性作用。以对硫磷、毒死蜱、马拉硫磷和二嗪农为例，阐述了OP诱导免疫毒性的基本特征和机制。免疫毒性可能是直接的，通过抑制免疫系统成分中的丝氨酸水解酶或酯酶、对免疫器官的氧化损伤，或通过调节控制免疫功能的信号转导途径；间接影响包括神经系统的调节，或代谢/营养改变对免疫器官的慢性影响。免疫毒性多种多样，包括免疫器官的病理变化，以及体液免疫和/或细胞介导免疫的降低。非特异性免疫改变、宿主抵抗力下降、超敏反应和自身免疫也是免疫毒性的特征；尽管并非所有这些在个体实验中关于野生动物污染物暴露和免疫毒性效应方面都得到了确凿证明。迫切需要免疫毒理学生物标志物和生物监测工具来评估野生动物免疫毒性的程度。动物免疫系统的生理多样性阻碍了通用生物标志物的选择。然而，借鉴人类流行病学证据和哺乳动物免疫毒性评估中的分层方法，提出了一些动物免疫毒性通用生物标志物的选择。还确定了未来研究的重点。
