Plytycz Barbara, Seljelid Rolf
Department of Evolutionary Immunobiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2003;51(2):105-9.
The concept of the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation comes from antiquity as rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore, (redness and swelling with heat and pain) extended later by functio laesa (loss of function). The contemporary understanding of this process we owe to 19th-century milestone discoveries by Rudolph Virchow, Julius Cohnheim and Elie Metchnikoff. In the 20th century, the development of potent technological tools allowed the rapid expansion of knowledge of the cells and mediators of inflammatory processes, as well as the molecular mechanisms of their interactions. It turned out that some mediators of inflammation have both local and distant targets, among them the liver (responding by the production of several acute phase reactants) and neurohormonal centers. In the last decades it has become clear that the immune system shares mediators and their receptors with the neurohormonal system of the body; thus, they form a common homeostatic entity. Such an integrative view, introduced by J. Edwin Blalock, when combined with Hans Selye's concept of stress, led to the contemporary understanding of sickness behavior, defined by Robert Dantzer as a highly organized strategy of the organism to fight infections and to respond to other environmental stressors.
急性炎症的四大主要症状这一概念可追溯到古代，即红肿热痛（rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore），后来又扩展为功能障碍（functio laesa）。我们对这一过程的当代理解归功于19世纪鲁道夫·魏尔啸、尤利乌斯·科恩海姆和埃利·梅契尼科夫的里程碑式发现。在20世纪，强大技术工具的发展使人们对炎症过程中的细胞和介质以及它们相互作用的分子机制的认识迅速扩展。结果发现，一些炎症介质既有局部靶点，也有远处靶点，其中包括肝脏（通过产生几种急性期反应物做出反应）和神经激素中心。在过去几十年里，人们清楚地认识到，免疫系统与身体的神经激素系统共享介质及其受体；因此，它们形成了一个共同的稳态实体。J. 埃德温·布拉洛克提出的这种综合观点，与汉斯·塞尔耶的应激概念相结合，形成了对疾病行为的当代理解，罗伯特·丹泽将其定义为机体对抗感染和应对其他环境应激源的一种高度有组织的策略。
