Tyndale Rachel F
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
Ann Med. 2003;35(2):94-121. doi: 10.1080/07853890310010014.
The field of genetics holds great promise for furthering our understanding of the etiology of drug dependence and for identifying novel targets for treatment. Genetic studies utilizing twins and families have demonstrated a considerable role for genetics in nicotine and/or alcohol dependence. Risk for alcoholism or nicotine dependence is likely to be the result of a large number of genes, each contributing a small fraction of the overall risk. While this review will focus on studies in humans, many of the candidate genes for human nicotine and alcohol dependence listed here were originally postulated to be important, based on data from animal studies. The review will briefly summarize the results from twin and adoption studies that provide estimations of heritability, the results from chromosomal linkage studies that identify regions of chromosomes that may contain relevant genes, and the results of candidate gene studies. For each topic the data will be presented for nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, and for nicotine and alcohol dependence together. In addition, each section will review briefly some of the confounding issues in the specific type of approach utilized.
遗传学领域对于深化我们对药物依赖病因的理解以及确定新的治疗靶点有着巨大的前景。利用双胞胎和家族进行的遗传学研究已证明遗传学在尼古丁和/或酒精依赖中发挥着相当重要的作用。酗酒或尼古丁依赖的风险很可能是大量基因共同作用的结果，每个基因对总体风险的贡献都很小。虽然本综述将聚焦于人类研究，但这里列出的许多人类尼古丁和酒精依赖候选基因最初是根据动物研究数据推测为重要基因的。本综述将简要总结双胞胎和收养研究的结果（这些研究提供了遗传度估计值）、染色体连锁研究的结果（这些研究确定了可能包含相关基因的染色体区域）以及候选基因研究的结果。对于每个主题，将分别给出尼古丁依赖、酒精依赖以及尼古丁和酒精依赖共同作用的数据。此外，每个部分将简要回顾所采用的特定研究方法中存在的一些混杂问题。
