Mather Mara, Shafir Eldar, Johnson Marcia K
Psychology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.
Mem Cognit. 2003 Apr;31(3):422-33. doi: 10.3758/bf03194400.
Recent studies have shown systematic choice-supportive memory for past choices, wherein people tend to overattribute positive features to options they chose and negative features to unchosen options (Mather & Johnson, 2000, Mather, Shafir, & Johnson, 2000). In contrast, the present experiments showed no choice-supportive memory bias for assigned options. Rather than having a general motivation to recall the chosen or the assigned option in a more positive light, people appear to be influenced by heuristics that vary with context: In recalling past choices, people expect the chosen option to contain more positive and fewer negative features than do its competitors. In recalling past assignments, in contrast, people expect the assigned option to be remembered better than the unassigned alternatives. This vividness heuristic leads to systematic misattribution of new features to unassigned alternatives, but not in a manner supportive of the assigned option. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
近期研究表明，人们对过去的选择存在系统性的选择支持性记忆，即人们倾向于将积极特征过度归因于他们选择的选项，而将消极特征归因于未选择的选项（马瑟和约翰逊，2000年；马瑟、沙菲尔和约翰逊，2000年）。相比之下，本实验并未显示出对分配选项的选择支持性记忆偏差。人们似乎并没有普遍的动机以更积极的方式回忆所选或分配的选项，而是受到随情境变化的启发式策略的影响：在回忆过去的选择时，人们期望所选选项比其竞争对手包含更多积极特征和更少消极特征。相比之下，在回忆过去的分配时，人们期望被分配的选项比未被分配的选项被更好地记住。这种生动性启发式策略会导致新特征被系统性地错误归因于未被分配的选项，但并非以支持被分配选项的方式。本文讨论了这些发现的一些含义。
