Lead-induced impairments in complex cognitive function: offerings from experimental studies.

Experimental studies, relying primarily on rodent and non-human primate models, have produced compelling evidence supporting effects of chronic low level lead exposure on learning, with the magnitude of those effects possibly modulated by developmental period of exposure and learning paradigm parameters. In contrast, changes in memory are not systematically demonstrated. The impact of lead exposure on attention has yet to be clearly delineated in either human or experimental studies, although impulsivity or aversion to delay appears to be a sensitive component of attention that may be targeted.