Accidents in the Arctic. A psychological point of view.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the influence of arctic conditions on the occurrence of accidents especially from the point of view of the interaction between environment, activity and man. Special attention is paid to risk assessment, risk taking and risk compensation. According to the danger factor theory frostbites should be extremely common in arctic regions, but in reality serious frostbites appear rarely in accident statistics. This finding supports the interactive accident theories. Instead cold can be a contributing factor in accident and injury causation and the effect of cold is most often indirect. Frostbites can occur e.g. as a result of an accident, losing one's way because of darkness, snow storm etc., wet clothes, unexpected temperature changes, disease attack, alcohol-induced reasons such as immobility or excess risk taking etc. Temperatures below and above +20 degrees C increase unsafe behavior. In the Arctic it is impossible to remove all the potentially dangerous factors, because many typical features of working and living conditions are regulated by natural forces, the seasons etc. This makes accurate risk assessment and prediction especially important in accident prevention. If the person does not recognize the situations in which the risk factors exist, he/she cannot implement precautionary steps at the right moment and hence cannot avoid risks. Moreover, if better and safer machines, equipment and tools get people to take greater risks, the accident situation can even become worse.