Comparison of microsatellite and blood protein diversity in sheep: inconsistencies in fragmented breeds.

Finnsheep, Romanov, Oxford Down and three local breeds from Finland or northwestern Russia were assessed at 15 microsatellite and 7 protein loci. A novel albumin allele was identified. Diversity patterns were mostly concordant between marker types, but discrepancies appeared for the local Viena and Vepsia sheep, both demonstrating frequent linkage disequilibria for both marker types and excess of homozygotes for microsatellites, and in the case of Vepsia also for proteins as signs of breed fragmentation. On the basis of microsatellite data, the neighbour-joining tree and two-dimensional map constructed from DA distances suggested that difference in longitude of breed origin would relate to breed relationship, whereas on the basis of protein data latitude would have this quality. These different impressions resulted because genetic distances involving Vepsia sheep were relatively low for protein variation compared with microsatellites. Microsatellite variation correlated positively with protein variation, but for the local Viena sheep protein variation was comparatively low. Populations had significant differences in allelic richness, but not in genetic diversity. Analysis implied that at least 30 polymorphic loci were needed to detect a difference in diversity between populations using a paired t-test, if the true mean diversity difference was 0.2. In the total sample, proteins demonstrated larger theta-values, but this was reversed for Finnsheep, for which model-based clustering of microsatellite genotypes revealed a structure associated with coat colour. Imported and rare sheep exhibited lowered allelic variability and increased frequency of pairwise disequilibria between unlinked markers. Our results emphasize that more loci are required for studying fragmented breeds.