Simon Michael A, Lokeshwar Vinata B, Soloway Mark S
Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6560 Fannin Street, Suite 2100, Houston, TX 77030-2769, USA.
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003 Aug;47(2):91-107. doi: 10.1016/s1040-8428(03)00074-x.
Bladder cancer is currently diagnosed using cystoscopy and cytology in patients with suspicious signs and symptoms. These same tests are used to monitor patients with a history of bladder cancer for recurrence. The recurrence rate for bladder cancer is high, thus necessitating long-term follow-up. Urine cytology requires an experienced cytopathologist and is costly. It has high specificity, but low sensitivity for low-grade bladder tumors. Recently many non-invasive bladder cancer tests, utilizing markers found in the urine, have been developed. The FDA has approved several of these for the use is bladder cancer diagnosis, and many others are undergoing development and investigation. An ideal bladder cancer test would be non-invasive, highly sensitive and specific, inexpensive, easy to perform, and yield highly reproducible results. Many of the tests reviewed meet some, but not all, of these criteria.
目前，对于有可疑体征和症状的患者，膀胱癌通过膀胱镜检查和细胞学检查进行诊断。同样的检查用于监测有膀胱癌病史的患者是否复发。膀胱癌的复发率很高，因此需要长期随访。尿液细胞学检查需要经验丰富的细胞病理学家，成本高昂。它具有高特异性，但对低级别膀胱肿瘤的敏感性较低。最近，利用尿液中发现的标志物开发了许多非侵入性膀胱癌检测方法。美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）已批准其中几种用于膀胱癌诊断，还有许多其他检测方法正在进行开发和研究。理想的膀胱癌检测方法应是非侵入性的、高度敏感和特异的、价格低廉、易于操作且结果具有高度可重复性。所审查的许多检测方法符合部分而非全部这些标准。
