Bai Zhipeng, Yiin Lih-Ming, Rich David Q, Adgate John L, Ashley Peter J, Lioy Paul J, Rhoads George G, Zhang Junfeng
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
AIHA J (Fairfax, Va). 2003 Jul-Aug;64(4):528-32. doi: 10.1202/1542-8125(2003)64(528:FEACOF)2.0.CO;2.
Five methods of sampling lead-contaminated dust on carpets were evaluated and compared in 33 New Jersey homes of children with elevated blood lead levels. The five sampling methods were (1) wipe, (2) adhesive label, (3) C18 sheet, (4) vacuum, and (5) hand rinse. Samples were collected side by side on the same carpets within the homes. Among the five methods the wipe and vacuum methods showed high percentages of detectable samples, good reproducibility, and significant correlations with other methods. C18 sheets and adhesive labels collected the least quantity of lead dust, with high percentages of undetectable samples. Because of the limited ability of sampling lead on carpets and the relatively high cost for laboratory analysis, C18 sheets or adhesive labels are not considered feasible sampling techniques. The hand rinse method also was not feasible for carpet sampling, because it was difficult to conduct in the field and laboratory, and it was subject to inconsistency and cross contamination. Wipes, which collected lead dust from carpet surfaces, were believed to be the most appropriate method for measuring lead from carpets accessible to children. However, because of the low pickup from carpets, wipes may not be an appropriate measuring tool to assess the levels of total lead contamination in carpets. The authors recommend using surface wipe sampling to measure accessible lead from carpets for exposure assessment, and vacuum sampling to obtain the information on total lead accumulation.
在新泽西州33户血铅水平升高的儿童家庭中，对五种采集地毯上铅污染灰尘的方法进行了评估和比较。这五种采样方法分别是：(1)擦拭法，(2)粘贴标签法，(3)C18片法，(4)真空抽吸法，(5)手洗法。在每户家庭的同一块地毯上并排采集样本。在这五种方法中，擦拭法和真空抽吸法的可检测样本百分比高、重现性好，且与其他方法有显著相关性。C18片和粘贴标签采集到的铅尘量最少，不可检测样本的百分比很高。由于在地毯上采集铅的能力有限，且实验室分析成本相对较高，C18片或粘贴标签不被认为是可行的采样技术。手洗法也不适用于地毯采样，因为它在现场和实验室操作都很困难，而且容易出现不一致和交叉污染的情况。从地毯表面采集铅尘的擦拭法被认为是测量儿童可接触地毯上铅含量的最合适方法。然而，由于从地毯上采集的铅量较低，擦拭法可能不是评估地毯中总铅污染水平的合适测量工具。作者建议使用表面擦拭采样来测量地毯上可接触的铅以进行暴露评估，使用真空采样来获取总铅积累的信息。
