DeFeudis Francis V, Papadopoulos Vassilios, Drieu Katy
Institute for BioScience, 153 West Main Street, Westboro, MA, USA.
Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Aug;17(4):405-17. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00156.x.
Recent studies conducted with various molecular, cellular and whole animal models have revealed that leaf extracts of Ginkgo biloba may have anticancer (chemopreventive) properties that are related to their antioxidant, anti-angiogenic and gene-regulatory actions. The antioxidant and associated anti-lipoperoxidative effects of Ginkgo extracts appear to involve both their flavonoid and terpenoid constituents. The anti-angiogenic activity of the extracts may involve their antioxidant activity and their ability to inhibit both inducible and endothelial forms of nitric oxide synthase. With regard to gene expression, a Ginkgo extract and one of its terpenoid constituents, ginkgolide B, inhibited the proliferation of a highly aggressive human breast cancer cell line and xenografts of this cell line in nude mice. cDNA microarray analyses have shown that exposure of human breast cancer cells to a Ginkgo extract altered the expression of genes that are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell differentiation or apoptosis, and that exposure of human bladder cancer cells to a Ginkgo extract produced an adaptive transcriptional response that augments antioxidant status and inhibits DNA damage. In humans, Ginkgo extracts inhibit the formation of radiation-induced (chromosome-damaging) clastogenic factors and ultraviolet light-induced oxidative stress - effects that may also be associated with anticancer activity. Flavonoid and terpenoid constituents of Ginkgo extracts may act in a complementary manner to inhibit several carcinogenesis-related processes, and therefore the total extracts may be required for producing optimal effects.
最近使用各种分子、细胞和整体动物模型进行的研究表明，银杏叶提取物可能具有抗癌（化学预防）特性，这与其抗氧化、抗血管生成和基因调节作用有关。银杏提取物的抗氧化及相关的抗脂质过氧化作用似乎涉及其黄酮类和萜类成分。提取物的抗血管生成活性可能涉及其抗氧化活性以及抑制诱导型和内皮型一氧化氮合酶的能力。关于基因表达，一种银杏提取物及其一种萜类成分银杏内酯B抑制了一种侵袭性很强的人乳腺癌细胞系及其在裸鼠体内异种移植瘤的增殖。cDNA微阵列分析表明，人乳腺癌细胞暴露于银杏提取物会改变参与细胞增殖、细胞分化或凋亡调节的基因表达，人膀胱癌细胞暴露于银杏提取物会产生适应性转录反应，增强抗氧化状态并抑制DNA损伤。在人体中，银杏提取物抑制辐射诱导（染色体损伤）的致裂因子的形成以及紫外线诱导的氧化应激——这些作用也可能与抗癌活性有关。银杏提取物的黄酮类和萜类成分可能以互补的方式发挥作用，抑制几个与致癌作用相关的过程，因此可能需要使用总提取物才能产生最佳效果。
