Essential fatty acid status during early human development.

Preliminary studies indicated that the EFA status of normal neonates is marginal, if not insufficient. Since a better knowledge of the physiology of maternal-fetal essential fatty acid transfer is relevant for nutritional recommendations during pregnancy, we investigated the course of the fetal EFA status during fetal development by analysing the absolute (micrograms/g dry fetal tissue) and relative (% of total fatty acids) fatty acid composition of phospholipids in human fetal tissue, (n = 40, gestational age 5-15.2 weeks). The total content of fatty acids (mg/g dry fetal tissue) increased with gestational age. The absolute amount of virtually all fatty acids increased with maturation. Linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA), however, was an exception. A highly significant, negative correlation between gestational age and the relative amount of LA in fetal tissue was observed during this first trimester of pregnancy. Our results show that the fetal-maternal difference in linoleic acid content observed at birth, initiates early in pregnancy. Since the fetus completely depends on the mother for its EFA supply, the maternal EFA status was measured simultaneously by analysing the fatty acid composition of phospholipids, isolated from plasma and red blood cells. Significant positive correlations between maternal rbc and fetal tissue were found for the relative amounts of LA. Similar relationships were observed between maternal plasma and fetal tissue for the relative amounts of cervonic acid (22:6n-3), the most abundant essential fatty acid in brain and retina. The relation between maternal and fetal EFA in phospholipids is significantly more pronounced after 10 weeks of gestation than before. This might be connected with the increased importance of the placenta with respect to maternal-fetal fatty acid transfer after 10 weeks of gestation.