Paul P S, Halbur P, Janke B, Joo H, Nawagitgul P, Singh J, Sorden S
Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2003;278:125-83. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-55541-1_6.
Porcine organs, cells and tissues provide a viable source of transplants in humans, though there is some concern of public health risk from adaptation of swine infectious agents in humans. Limited information is available on the public health risk of many exogenous swine viruses, and reliable and rapid diagnostic tests are available for only a few of these. The ability of several porcine viruses to cause transplacental fetal infection (parvoviruses, circoviruses, and arteriviruses), emergence or recognition of several new porcine viruses during the last two decades (porcine circovirus, arterivirus, paramyxoviruses, herpesviruses, and porcine respiratory coronavirus) and the immunosuppressed state of the transplant recipients increases the xenozoonoses risk of humans to porcine viruses through transplantation. Much of this risk can be eliminated with vigilance and sustained monitoring along with a better understanding of pathogenesis and development of better diagnostic tests. In this review we present information on selected exogenous viruses, highlighting their characteristics, pathogenesis of viral infections in swine, methods for their detection, and the potential xenozoonoses risk they present. Emphasis has been given in this review to swine influenza virus, paramyxovirus (Nipah virus, Menagle virus, LaPiedad paramyxovirus, porcine paramyxovirus), arterivirus (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) and circovirus as either they represent new swine viruses or present the greatest risk. We have also presented information on porcine parvovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, herpesviruses (pseudorabies virus, porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus, porcine cytomegalovirus), coronaviruses (TGEV, PRCV, HEV, PEDV) and adenovirus. The potential of swine viruses to infect humans needs to be assessed in vitro and in vivo and rapid and more reliable diagnostic methods need to be developed to assure safe supply of porcine tissues and cells for xenotransplantation.
猪的器官、细胞和组织为人类移植提供了一个可行的来源，不过人们担心猪的传染源适应人体会带来公共卫生风险。关于许多外源性猪病毒的公共卫生风险，可获取的信息有限，并且仅针对其中少数几种病毒有可靠且快速的诊断检测方法。几种猪病毒能够引起经胎盘的胎儿感染（细小病毒、圆环病毒和动脉炎病毒），在过去二十年中出现或被识别出几种新的猪病毒（猪圆环病毒、动脉炎病毒、副粘病毒、疱疹病毒和猪呼吸道冠状病毒），以及移植受者的免疫抑制状态，这些都增加了人类通过移植感染猪病毒的人畜共患病风险。通过保持警惕、持续监测以及更好地了解发病机制和开发更好的诊断检测方法，这种风险的大部分是可以消除的。在本综述中，我们提供了关于特定外源性病毒的信息，重点介绍了它们的特征、猪病毒感染的发病机制、检测方法以及它们所呈现的潜在人畜共患病风险。本综述重点关注了猪流感病毒、副粘病毒（尼帕病毒、梅纳格尔病毒、拉皮德城副粘病毒、猪副粘病毒）、动脉炎病毒（猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒）和圆环病毒，因为它们要么代表新的猪病毒，要么呈现出最大风险。我们还提供了关于猪细小病毒、日本脑炎病毒、脑心肌炎病毒、疱疹病毒（伪狂犬病病毒、猪嗜淋巴细胞疱疹病毒、猪巨细胞病毒）、冠状病毒（传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪呼吸道冠状病毒、戊型肝炎病毒、猪流行性腹泻病毒）和腺病毒的信息。需要在体外和体内评估猪病毒感染人类的可能性，并且需要开发快速且更可靠的诊断方法，以确保安全供应用于异种移植的猪组织和细胞。
