Caswell Shane V, Deivert Richard G
Ohio University, Athens, OH.
J Athl Train. 2002 Jun;37(2):164-171.
To examine the effects of repetitive impact forces on lacrosse helmets and increase awareness of helmet safety standards about reconditioning and recertification practices. DESIGN AND SETTING: The independent variables for this study consisted of 4 lacrosse helmets of various design: 2 contemporary helmets (Sport Helmets Cascade and Cascade Air) and 2 traditional helmets (Sport Helmets Ultralite and Bacharach Ultralite). The dependent variable was attenuation of impact forces as measured by the Gadd Severity Index (GSI). Helmets were tested at an independent testing facility certified by the National Athletic Equipment Reconditioners Association. MEASUREMENTS: Helmets were raised to 152 cm and released onto an anvil padded with a 1.27-cm rubber modular elastomer programmer. Ten treatments to a front (FD) and right rear boss drop site (RD) were performed. A triaxial accelerometer within the head form measured impact force. Peak acceleration data were integrated into the GSI. We performed a 1-way analysis of variance and calculated descriptive statistics and the Tukey post hoc test. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was seen in FD GSI score (F(3,36) = 9.680, P <.05) and in the RD GSI score (F(3,36) = 28.140, P <.05) between helmet types. Mean GSI scores were 1166.1, 1117.6, 857, and 1222.8 for the FD and 974.5, 1022.1, 1376.3, and 1496.5 for the RD for Sport Helmets Cascade, Cascade Air, Ultralite, and Bacharach Ultralite, respectively. With repetitive drops, GSI scores increased, indicating a greater chance for cerebral injury. Percentage increases in GSI scores from drops 1 to 10 were 48.8, 54.3, 45.6, and 18.8 on the FD and 22.6, 35.9, 71.7, and 57.4 on the RD for the Sport Helmets Cascade, Cascade Air, Ultralite, and Bacharach Ultralite, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate differences between helmets at the 2 drop sites and decreasing capacity of the helmets to dissipate forces with repetitive impacts.
研究重复性冲击力对长曲棍球头盔的影响，并提高对头盔翻新和重新认证实践安全标准的认识。设计与环境：本研究的自变量包括4种不同设计的长曲棍球头盔：2种现代头盔（运动头盔Cascade和Cascade Air）和2种传统头盔（运动头盔Ultralite和Bacharach Ultralite）。因变量是通过加德严重指数（GSI）测量的冲击力衰减。头盔在由国家运动器材翻新协会认证的独立测试机构进行测试。测量：将头盔提升至152厘米，然后释放到垫有1.27厘米橡胶模块化弹性体编程器的铁砧上。对前部（FD）和右后凸台掉落部位（RD）进行10次测试。头部模型内的三轴加速度计测量冲击力。峰值加速度数据被整合到GSI中。我们进行了单因素方差分析，并计算描述性统计量和Tukey事后检验。结果：在FD的GSI评分（F(3,36) = 9.680，P <.05）和RD的GSI评分（F(3,36) = 28.140，P <.05）方面，头盔类型之间存在统计学上的显著差异。对于运动头盔Cascade、Cascade Air、Ultralite和Bacharach Ultralite，FD的平均GSI评分分别为1166.1、1117.6、857和1222.8，RD的平均GSI评分分别为974.5、1022.1、1376.3和1496.5。随着重复掉落，GSI评分增加，表明脑损伤的可能性更大。运动头盔Cascade、Cascade Air、Ultralite和Bacharach Ultralite在FD上从第1次到第10次掉落时GSI评分的百分比增加分别为48.8、54.3、45.6和18.8，在RD上分别为22.6、35.9、71.7和57.4。结论：我们的研究结果表明，在两个掉落部位头盔之间存在差异，并且头盔在重复冲击下消散力的能力下降。
