Ballock R Tracy, O'Keefe Regis J
Orthopaedic Research Center, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2003 May;69(2):123-43. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.10014.
Longitudinal growth of the skeleton is a result of endochondral ossification that occurs at the growth plate. Through a sequential process of cell proliferation, extracellular matrix synthesis, cellular hypertrophy, matrix mineralization, vascular invasion, and eventually apoptosis, the cartilage model is continually replaced by bone as length increases. The regulation of longitudinal growth at the growth plate occurs generally through the intimate interaction of circulating systemic hormones and locally produced peptide growth factors, the net result of which is to trigger changes in gene expression by growth plate chondrocytes. This review highlights recent advances in genetics and cell biology that are illuminating the important regulatory mechanisms governing the structure and biology of the growth plate, and provides selected examples of how studies of human mutations have yielded a wealth of new knowledge regarding the normal biology and pathophysiology of growth plate cartilage.
骨骼的纵向生长是生长板处软骨内成骨的结果。通过细胞增殖、细胞外基质合成、细胞肥大、基质矿化、血管侵入以及最终细胞凋亡的连续过程，随着长度增加，软骨模型不断被骨替代。生长板处纵向生长的调节通常通过循环系统激素和局部产生的肽生长因子的密切相互作用来实现，其最终结果是触发生长板软骨细胞的基因表达变化。本综述重点介绍了遗传学和细胞生物学的最新进展，这些进展揭示了控制生长板结构和生物学的重要调节机制，并提供了一些实例，说明对人类突变的研究如何产生了关于生长板软骨正常生物学和病理生理学的大量新知识。
