Morukov B V, Noskov V B, Larina I M, Natochin Iu V
Institute of Biol.-Medical Problems, Russian Acad. Sci., Russia, 123007, Moscow, 76a Khoroshevskoe Shosse.
Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2003 Mar;89(3):356-67.
Study of a condition of mineral and water-electrolyte metabolism, function of kidneys, and their hormonal regulation during model experiments (hypokinesia, bed rest, immersion etc.), and also in space flights and in readaptation period, has shown a major role of water-electrolyte homeostasis during general adaptation of humans and animals to new conditions of life and to conditions of weightlessness in particular. The change in regulation of volumes of fluid milieu in an initial period of weightlessness was shown to be the consequence of redistribution of blood and hemodynamics of the shifts resulting in change of production of volume-regulation hormones, formation of negative water balance, and redistribution of fluid in the organism among various fluid compartments. At later stages of flight or long-term hypokinesia, a change of water-electrolyte homeostasis occurs with a decrease in the kidneys excretion of sodium, and diuresis, but with an increased excretion of calcium and production of ADH and RAAS hormones. Following returning to earth gravitation, the majority of astronauts have adaptive reactions, compensating for the loss extracellular fluid and mineral substances and formation of "earth" water-electrolyte homeostasis. For estimation of water-electrolyte homeostasis and the functions of kidneys in astronauts, various functional loading tests have been developed. The developed system of preventive maintenance is successfully used for abolition of adverse changes at various stages of space flight and in readaptation period.
在模型实验（运动减少、卧床休息、浸水等）期间，以及在太空飞行和再适应期，对矿物质和水 - 电解质代谢状况、肾脏功能及其激素调节的研究表明，水 - 电解质稳态在人类和动物对新的生活条件，特别是失重条件的一般适应过程中起主要作用。失重初期，体液环境容积调节的变化被证明是血液重新分布和血流动力学改变的结果，这些改变导致容积调节激素产生变化、负水平衡形成以及机体中液体在不同液体腔室间重新分布。在飞行后期或长期运动减少时，水 - 电解质稳态会发生变化，表现为肾脏钠排泄、利尿减少，但钙排泄增加以及抗利尿激素和肾素 - 血管紧张素 - 醛固酮系统（RAAS）激素产生增加。返回地球引力环境后，大多数宇航员会出现适应性反应，以补偿细胞外液和矿物质的流失，并形成“地球”水 - 电解质稳态。为评估宇航员的水 - 电解质稳态和肾脏功能，已开发出各种功能负荷测试。所开发的预防维护系统已成功用于消除太空飞行各阶段和再适应期的不良变化。
