Predation of Biomphalaria and non-target molluscs by the crayfish Procambarus clarkii: implications for the biological control of schistosomiasis.

The North American crayfish Procambarus clarkii was examined under laboratory conditions for its ability to prey on Biomphalaria pfeifferi and B. glabrata, molluscan intermediate hosts of human schistosomiasis, and other, non-target gastropod species. Both male and female adult crayfish significantly reduced survival of neonate snails, even though alternative animal and plant foods were both available. In subsequent experiments, no differences in snail consumption were detected, for either adult or juvenile crayfish, in the presence or absence of a plant food alternative. Both adult and juvenile crayfish were able to consume small (2.5 mm) and large (17.5 mm) B. glabrata, suggesting that no size refuge from predation exists. Both adult and juvenile crayfish consumed Biomphalaria egg masses, although this consumption was significantly greater for juveniles. Procambarus clarkii adults were unable to consume substantial numbers of the relatively thick-shelled prosobranch snails Pila ovata and Lanistes carinatus. Crayfish did consume a third prosobranch, Melanoides tuberculata, and the pulmonate snail Physa acuta, but at a lower rate relative to consumption of Biomphalaria. Physa acuta, itself of North American origin, responded to the presence of crayfish by rapidly leaving the water and thereby avoided predation. Implications of these results for the biological control of schistosome-transmitting snails in East Africa are discussed.