Starodubtsev Iu D
Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1992 Jan-Feb;42(1):51-60.
In experiment situation was created of "free choice", which was characterized by the reinforcement of any succession of bottle-nosed dolphin action on the manipulators, placed in the open-air cage under the condition of pressing three definite levers in the required order independently of the number of "superfluous" reactions before and between necessary actions. In the first series of the experiments with eight above-water levers no succession of actions leading to the reinforcement was formed in the bottle-nosed dolphin [correction of aphaline]. In the second series with eight under-water manipulators--both experimental dolphins regularly reached the reinforcement. Stereotype trajectories of movements in the cage were formed, which included swimming past the levers and successive actions on them. Minimum chain of motor reactions was not formed, though some of "superfluous" levers were not pressed. At solving the task efferent generalization in dolphins in both series of experiments was manifested in two ways: the animals reacted in different ways on one and the same manipulator and pressed different levers.
在实验中创设了“自由选择”的情境，其特点是，无论宽吻海豚对置于露天笼中的操纵器做出何种连续动作，只要按照所需顺序独立按压三个特定杠杆，且不论必要动作之前和之间“多余”反应的数量，都会得到强化。在第一组使用八个水上杠杆的实验中，宽吻海豚没有形成导致强化的连续动作[无动作反应的纠正]。在第二组使用八个水下操纵器的实验中，两只实验海豚都能定期获得强化。在笼中形成了刻板的运动轨迹，包括游过杠杆并对其依次做出动作。尽管有些“多余”杠杆未被按压，但并未形成最小的运动反应链。在这两组实验中，海豚在解决任务时的传出泛化表现为两种方式：动物对同一个操纵器有不同反应，并且按压不同的杠杆。
