Assessing short-term recognition memory with forced-choice psychophysical methods.

The rationale and methodology for using computer-controlled forced-choice psychophysical methods to assess short-term recognition memory in human subjects are presented. Here, we use non-verbal computer-synthesized auditory and visual stimuli with an adaptive psychophysical procedure. Sequence-length thresholds (SLTs, span lengths) for randomly generated binary auditory and visual-sequential patterns and simultaneous visual-spatial patterns are determined to assess short-term memory capacity. The SLTs can also be used to equate for initial retention level for delayed matching-to-sample (DMS) or delayed matching-to-non-sample (DMNS) tasks which assess memory decay. The DMS/DMNS tasks have also been modified for use with the forced-choice paradigm. In contrast to many verbal paradigms requiring immediate ordered recall, non-verbal stimuli in a forced-choice paradigm provide a more direct measure of sensory memory because long-term memory, complex encoding/decoding processes, and motor-sequencing factors are minimized or avoided. Furthermore, the forced-choice recognition memory tasks are applicable over a broad age range, are less sensitive to socio-economic factors and educational level, and avoid complex instructions. Taken together, these factors enhance the applicability of these tasks in children and adults with CNS lesions, particularly where cognitive status may be compromised.