Lipreading and audio-visual speech perception.

This paper reviews progress in understanding the psychology of lipreading and audio-visual speech perception. It considers four questions. What distinguishes better from poorer lipreaders? What are the effects of introducing a delay between the acoustical and optical speech signals? What have attempts to produce computer animations of talking faces contributed to our understanding of the visual cues that distinguish consonants and vowels? Finally, how should the process of audio-visual integration in speech perception be described; that is, how are the sights and sounds of talking faces represented at their conflux?