Van Gestel C A
National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1992 Apr;23(2):221-36. doi: 10.1016/0147-6513(92)90060-g.
To investigate whether results of laboratory toxicity tests with earthworms are capable of being used to predict effects in the field, a literature study was carried out. Benomyl, its metabolite carbendazim, carbofuran, and carbaryl were chosen as model substances. From data on the behavior of these pesticides in soil, it can be concluded that shortly after application most of the dosage will be in the top 2.5-cm soil layer. Soil concentrations can be estimated from field dosages used. Estimated field soil concentrations that affected earthworm populations were in agreement with effect levels determined in laboratory studies. In the field, species living in the surface layers (e.g., juveniles of many species) or coming to the soil surface to feed (e.g., Lumbricus terrestris) are most affected, since they experience a high degree of exposure. Evidently, species having long generation times need a relatively long time to recover. Both the distribution of the pesticide and the behavior of earthworms in soil affect earthworm exposure. Insight into these aspects may provide tools to predict both short- and long-term effects of pesticides on earthworm populations in field soils.
为了研究蚯蚓的实验室毒性测试结果是否能够用于预测田间效应，开展了一项文献研究。选择了苯菌灵、其代谢产物多菌灵、克百威和西维因作为模型物质。从这些农药在土壤中的行为数据可以得出结论，施用后不久，大部分剂量将存在于土壤表层2.5厘米处。可以根据田间使用剂量估算土壤浓度。影响蚯蚓种群的估算田间土壤浓度与实验室研究确定的效应水平一致。在田间，生活在表层的物种（如许多物种的幼体）或到土壤表面觅食的物种（如陆正蚓）受影响最大，因为它们受到的暴露程度很高。显然，世代时间长的物种需要相对较长的时间来恢复。农药在土壤中的分布以及蚯蚓在土壤中的行为都会影响蚯蚓的暴露情况。深入了解这些方面可能会提供工具来预测农药对田间土壤中蚯蚓种群的短期和长期影响。
