Dependence of presaccadic cortical potentials on the type of saccadic eye movement.

Premovement cortical potentials were studied with 4 types of saccadic eye movement: (a) visually triggered saccades of normal reaction time (RT; regular saccades); (b) visually triggered saccades of extremely short RT (express saccades); (c) saccades towards predicted target locations (anticipatory saccades); (d) saccades back towards predicted location of fixation point (refixation saccades). With all 4 saccade types a "presaccadic negativity" with the maximum at the vertex (Cz) was observed. A bilaterally symmetrical component contained in this potential (being smallest with almost unconsciously performed refixation saccades and smaller in trained than in naive subjects) appeared to be related mainly to the subjects' volitional effort. In addition, anticipatory and refixation saccades were preceded by an early, widespread contralateral negativity, which we relate to cortical activities that prepare, in general terms, action within or towards the hemifield containing the saccade goal. During the 60 msec before anticipatory saccades, a negativity occurred over the contralateral central lead, which may reflect neural activation in the frontal eye field (FEF) and premotor cortex. In contrast, regular saccades were preceded 30 msec before onset by a negativity over the contralateral parietal cortex, which probably reflects an activation of parietal visuo-motor neurons. No lateralization of the cortical potentials was observed before express saccades, which suggests that these saccades are generated in a reflex-like way mainly by subcortical mechanisms.