Gottman J M, Levenson R W
University of Washington, Department of Psychology, Seattle 98195.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992 Aug;63(2):221-33. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.63.2.221.
Seventy-three married couples were studied in 1983 and 1987. To identify marital processes associated with dissolution, a balance theory of marriage was used to generate 1 variable for dividing couples into regulated and nonregulated groups. For studying the precursors of divorce, a "cascade" model of marital dissolution, which forms a Guttman-like scale, received preliminary support. Compared with regulated couples, nonregulated couples had (a) marital problems rated as more severe (Time 1); (b) lower marital satisfaction (Time 1 and Time 2); (c) poorer health (Time 2); (d) smaller finger pulse amplitudes (wives); (e) more negative ratings for interactions; (f) more negative emotional expression; (g) less positive emotional expression; (h) more stubbornness and withdrawal from interaction; (i) greater defensiveness; and (j) greater risk for marital dissolution (lower marital satisfaction and higher incidence of consideration of dissolution and of actual separation).
1983年和1987年对73对已婚夫妇进行了研究。为了确定与婚姻解体相关的婚姻过程，运用婚姻平衡理论生成了一个变量，用于将夫妻分为受调节组和不受调节组。对于研究离婚的先兆，一种婚姻解体的“级联”模型形成了类似古特曼量表的形式，并得到了初步支持。与受调节的夫妻相比，不受调节的夫妻有以下情况：(a) 婚姻问题在严重程度上的评分更高（时间1）；(b) 婚姻满意度更低（时间1和时间2）；(c) 健康状况更差（时间2）；(d) 手指脉搏振幅更小（妻子）；(e) 互动的负面评价更多；(f) 负面情绪表达更多；(g) 积极情绪表达更少；(h) 更固执且在互动中更退缩；(i) 防御性更强；以及(j) 婚姻解体风险更高（婚姻满意度更低，考虑解体和实际分居的发生率更高）。
