Landers D M, Crews D J, Boutcher S H, Skinner J S, Gustafsen S
Exercise and Sport Research Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 Aug;24(8):895-903.
The effects of smokeless tobacco (ST) on psychophysiological response and performance were examined in two studies. Study 1 compared heavy and moderate ST users on psychomotor tasks (simple reaction time/anticipation time and choice reaction time/movement time) in ST (2 g amount) and no smokeless tobacco (NST) conditions. Moderate users performed significantly better than heavy users; there were no significant psychomotor performance differences comparing ST/NST conditions. Heart rate and blood pressure were elevated equally for both groups with the use of ST. Heavy users reported significantly less state anxiety in both ST and NST conditions than moderate users. Study 2 replicated the psychomotor performance results of study 1 when comparing nonusers and ST users who were given four dose amounts of ST (NST, 1/3 mean dose, mean dose, and 5/3 mean) over 4 d. For the math and Stroop tasks, ST use resulted in 12.1% and 10.4% better performance than the NST condition. Physiological measures showed significant elevations during the ST conditions. No differences between dose amounts of ST were apparent for any of the measures. These studies demonstrate that ST users perform better than nonusers when having to react to cognitively challenging task situations.
两项研究考察了无烟烟草（ST）对心理生理反应及表现的影响。研究1比较了重度和中度ST使用者在ST（2克剂量）和无无烟烟草（NST）条件下的心理运动任务（简单反应时间/预期时间以及选择反应时间/运动时间）。中度使用者的表现显著优于重度使用者；比较ST/NST条件时，心理运动表现无显著差异。使用ST时，两组的心率和血压均有同等程度升高。重度使用者在ST和NST条件下报告的状态焦虑均显著低于中度使用者。研究2在比较非使用者和在4天内接受四种剂量ST（NST、1/3平均剂量、平均剂量和5/3平均剂量）的ST使用者时，重复了研究1的心理运动表现结果。对于数学和斯特鲁普任务，使用ST比NST条件下的表现分别提高了12.1%和10.4%。生理指标显示在ST条件下有显著升高。对于任何指标，ST剂量之间均无明显差异。这些研究表明，在必须对具有认知挑战性的任务情境做出反应时，ST使用者的表现优于非使用者。
