The biomechanics of the discus throw: a review.

This review provides an evaluation of published scientific literature (mostly that in English or German) which has reported quantitative data relating to the biomechanics of the discus throw. This is done by considering the two stages of the throw--the launch (the movements in the circle) and the discus flight. To ascertain the optimal release characteristics of the discus to maximize the distance thrown, the results of those studies which have addressed this problem by simulating the flight of the discus are evaluated. To assess the merit of this literature, a detailed evaluation of studies of the aerodynamics of discus flight is also undertaken in this review. These results are compared with measured release conditions from filmed discus throws. The greater part of the review seeks to establish the technique of the thrower within the circle necessary to achieve an optimum release. Thus, the discus throwing technique is discussed in relation to the results of cinematographic data, and the extremely limited number of force platform and electromyographic studies. An evaluation of experimental procedures and the reporting of experimental errors, particularly for the cinematographic studies, is included. Consideration is also given to some of the more descriptive, coaching literature where points are raised which serve to highlight important biomechanical aspects of throwing technique. It is concluded that not enough relevant and reliable biomechanical data currently exist to answer many of the important questions about the technique of the discus throw, and some future research directions to help overcome this are recommended.