Willers S, Attewell R, Bensryd I, Schutz A, Skarping G, Vahter M
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, General Hospital-Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
Arch Environ Health. 1992 Sep-Oct;47(5):357-63. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1992.9938375.
The relationship between urinary levels of cotinine (U-cotinine) and arsenic (U-As), blood levels of cadmium (B-Cd), blood levels of lead (B-Pb), lung function, and questionnaire data on smoking habits were studied in 107 parents and their 46 children (7-10 y of age). There was a statistically significant relationship between the reported amount of tobacco smoked and U-cotinine levels. Nonsmokers who were married to persons who smoked had three times higher U-cotinine levels than nonsmokers whose spouses did not smoke. There was a significant association between the number of parents who smoked in the family and the U-cotinine levels of children. If only one parent smoked, maternal smoking was of greater importance than paternal smoking. There was also an association between U-cotinine and B-Cd. A study of lung function in the children revealed that vital capacity and functional residual capacity (corrected for sex, age, and height) increased as the number of parents who smoked increased. Therefore, the present study showed that (1) U-cotinine was a useful index of active smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in adults and children, (2) U-cotinine was associated with the blood concentration of cadmium, and (3) environmental tobacco smoke exposure was associated with changes in lung function of children.
在107名家长及其46名7至10岁的孩子中，研究了尿中可替宁水平（U-可替宁）与砷（U-砷）、血镉水平（B-镉）、血铅水平（B-铅）、肺功能以及吸烟习惯问卷数据之间的关系。报告的吸烟量与U-可替宁水平之间存在统计学上的显著关系。配偶吸烟的非吸烟者其U-可替宁水平比配偶不吸烟的非吸烟者高出三倍。家庭中吸烟的父母数量与孩子的U-可替宁水平之间存在显著关联。如果只有一位家长吸烟，母亲吸烟比父亲吸烟的影响更大。U-可替宁与B-镉之间也存在关联。对孩子肺功能的一项研究表明，随着吸烟的父母数量增加，肺活量和功能残气量（根据性别、年龄和身高校正）也会增加。因此，本研究表明：（1）U-可替宁是成人和儿童主动吸烟及环境烟草烟雾暴露的有用指标；（2）U-可替宁与血镉浓度相关；（3）环境烟草烟雾暴露与儿童肺功能变化相关。
