Role of GRP58 in mitomycin C-induced DNA cross-linking.

Mitomycin C (MMC) is an anticancer drug that requires reductive activation to exert its toxicity. MMC is known to cross-link DNA that contributes significantly to the cytotoxicity and consequent cell death. Cytosolic NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and microsomal enzymes have been shown to mediate MMC-induced DNA cross-linking. However, NQO1 plays only a minor role, indicating presence of other cytosolic enzymes/proteins that contribute to this process. In this study, we have characterized a unique cytosolic activity in NQO1-null mice that catalyzed MMC-induced DNA cross-linking. This activity was cofactor independent and dicoumarol insensitive. The unique cytosolic activity was purified to homogeneity. The peptide sequencing of the purified protein identified the unique cytosolic activity as GRP58 (M(r) 58,000 glucose-regulatory protein), also known as GRp57/ER60/ERp61/HIP-70/Q2 and CPT. Immunodepletion of NQO1-null mice liver cytosol and partially purified fractions with anti-GRP58 antibody led to a complete loss of GRP58 protein and consequent significant reduction of MMC-induced DNA cross-linking. Mouse cDNA encoding GRP58 was isolated and sequenced. Chinese hamster ovary cells permanently overexpressing GRP58 showed increased MMC-induced DNA cross-linking and increased cytotoxicity on exposure to MMC. Bacterially expressed and purified GRP58 increased the MMC-induced DNA cross-linking when added to mouse cytosolic samples. A tissue array analysis indicated that GRP58 is ubiquitously expressed among mouse tissues, although at different levels. Expression analysis using matched human tumor/normal array revealed an up-regulation of GRP58 in breast, uterus, lung, and stomach tumors compared with normal tissues of similar origin.