Bridges Carolyn Buxton, Kuehnert Matthew J, Hall Caroline B
Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Oct 15;37(8):1094-101. doi: 10.1086/378292. Epub 2003 Sep 19.
Annual influenza epidemics in the United States result in an average of >36,000 deaths and 114,000 hospitalizations. Influenza can spread rapidly to patients and health care personnel in health care settings after influenza is introduced by visitors, staff, or patients. Influenza outbreaks in health care facilities can have potentially devastating consequences, particularly for immunocompromised persons. Although vaccination of health care personnel and patients is the primary means to prevent and control outbreaks of influenza in health care settings, antiviral influenza medications and isolation precautions are important adjuncts. Although droplet transmission is thought to be the primary mode of influenza transmission, limited evidence is available to support the relative clinical importance of contact, droplet, and droplet nuclei (airborne) transmission of influenza. In this article, the results of studies on the modes of influenza transmission and their relevant isolation precautions are reviewed.
美国每年的流感流行平均导致超过36,000人死亡和114,000人住院。流感通过访客、工作人员或患者传入医疗机构后，可迅速传播给患者和医护人员。医疗机构内的流感暴发可能产生极具破坏性的后果，尤其是对免疫功能低下者。虽然医护人员和患者接种疫苗是预防和控制医疗机构内流感暴发的主要手段，但抗流感病毒药物和隔离预防措施也是重要的辅助手段。虽然飞沫传播被认为是流感传播的主要方式，但支持流感接触传播、飞沫传播和飞沫核（空气传播）的相对临床重要性的证据有限。本文综述了流感传播方式及其相关隔离预防措施的研究结果。
