Tedeschi Luis Orlindo, Fox Danny Gene, Tylutki Thomas Paul
Animal Science Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2003 Sep-Oct;32(5):1591-602. doi: 10.2134/jeq2003.1591.
A concern of the USEPA is the volatilization of NH3 from animal manure and CH4 produced from ruminal fermentation. Excess N in the environment has been associated with adverse effects on human health, and CH4 and N2O emissions are sources of greenhouse gases. The objectives of this paper are to summarize and quantify the benefits of ionophores, principally monensin, in decreasing NH3 and CH4 emissions to the environment and reducing resource utilization in cattle (Bos spp.) production. The data indicate that monensin in the diets of ruminants may decrease protein degradation in the rumen and may increase feed protein utilization by an average of 3.5 percentage units. These changes would have an effect in reducing N losses and decreasing fecal N and the amount of protein that must be fed to meet animal requirements. Additionally, CH4 is produced by enteric fermentation in ruminants, which is responsible for about 33 to 39% of CH4 emissions from agriculture. Ionophores can reduce CH4 production by 25% and decrease feed intake by 4% without affecting animal performance. The inclusion of monensin in beef and dairy cattle diets may benefit air quality by reducing CH4 and N emissions and water quality by reducing N in manure, which can potentially leave the farm through leaching into ground water and through runoff into surface water.
美国环境保护局（USEPA）关注的一个问题是动物粪便中氨的挥发以及瘤胃发酵产生的甲烷。环境中过量的氮已被证明会对人类健康产生不利影响，而甲烷和一氧化二氮的排放是温室气体的来源。本文的目的是总结和量化离子载体（主要是莫能菌素）在减少向环境中排放氨和甲烷以及降低牛（Bos spp.）生产中的资源利用方面的益处。数据表明，反刍动物日粮中的莫能菌素可能会减少瘤胃中的蛋白质降解，并可能使饲料蛋白质利用率平均提高3.5个百分点。这些变化将有助于减少氮的损失，降低粪便中的氮含量以及为满足动物需求而必须投喂的蛋白质量。此外，反刍动物的肠道发酵会产生甲烷，农业领域约33%至39%的甲烷排放都源于此。离子载体可使甲烷产量降低25%，并使采食量减少4%，且不会影响动物的生产性能。在肉牛和奶牛日粮中添加莫能菌素，可能会通过减少甲烷和氮的排放改善空气质量，通过降低粪便中的氮含量改善水质，因为这些氮有可能通过渗入地下水和径流进入地表水而离开养殖场。
