Spelke E S, Breinlinger K, Macomber J, Jacobson K
Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.
Psychol Rev. 1992 Oct;99(4):605-32. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.99.4.605.
Experiments with young infants provide evidence for early-developing capacities to represent physical objects and to reason about object motion. Early physical reasoning accords with 2 constraints at the center of mature physical conceptions: continuity and solidity. It fails to accord with 2 constraints that may be peripheral to mature conceptions: gravity and inertia. These experiments suggest that cognition develops concurrently with perception and action and that development leads to the enrichment of conceptions around an unchanging core. The experiments challenge claims that cognition develops on a foundation of perceptual or motor experience, that initial conceptions are inappropriate to the world, and that initial conceptions are abandoned or radically changed with the growth of knowledge.
对幼儿进行的实验为早期发展起来的表征物理对象及推理物体运动的能力提供了证据。早期的物理推理符合成熟物理概念核心的两个限制条件：连续性和坚实性。它不符合可能处于成熟概念边缘的两个限制条件：重力和惯性。这些实验表明，认知与感知和行动同时发展，且这种发展会使围绕不变核心的概念得到丰富。这些实验对以下观点提出了挑战：认知建立在感知或运动经验的基础上；初始概念与现实世界不相符；随着知识的增长，初始概念会被摒弃或发生根本性改变。
