Munakata Yuko, Michaelson Laura E
Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
Human Services Division, American Institutes for Research, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA.
Annu Rev Dev Psychol. 2021;3(1):139-163. doi: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085005. Epub 2021 Sep 13.
Success in life is linked to executive functions, a collection of cognitive processes that support goal-directed behaviors. Executive functions is an umbrella term related to cognitive control, self-control, and more. Variations in executive functioning predict concurrent success in schooling, relationships, and behavior, as well as important life outcomes years later. Such findings may suggest that certain individuals are destined for good executive functioning and success. However, environmental influences on executive function and development have long been recognized. Recent research in this tradition demonstrates the power of social contextual influences on children's engagement of executive functions. Such findings suggest new interpretations of why individuals differ in executive functioning and associated life outcomes, including across cultures and socioeconomic statuses. These findings raise fundamental questions about how best to conceptualize, measure, and support executive functioning across diverse contexts. Future research addressing real-world dynamics and computational mechanisms will elucidate how executive functioning emerges in the world.
人生的成功与执行功能相关联，执行功能是一组支持目标导向行为的认知过程。执行功能是一个与认知控制、自我控制等相关的统称。执行功能的差异预示着在学业、人际关系和行为方面当下的成功，以及多年后重要的人生成果。这些发现可能表明某些人注定具有良好的执行功能和取得成功。然而，环境对执行功能和发展的影响早已得到认可。这一传统领域的最新研究证明了社会环境影响对儿童执行功能参与度的作用。这些发现为个体在执行功能及相关生活成果方面存在差异的原因提出了新的解释，包括跨文化和社会经济地位的差异。这些发现引发了关于如何在不同背景下最佳地概念化、测量和支持执行功能的基本问题。针对现实世界动态和计算机制的未来研究将阐明执行功能在现实世界中是如何出现的。
