Schmidt Ingo, Sliekers Olav, Schmid Markus, Bock Eberhard, Fuerst John, Kuenen J Gijs, Jetten Mike S M, Strous Marc
University of Nijmegen, Department of Microbiology, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2003 Oct;27(4):481-92. doi: 10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00039-1.
Many countries strive to reduce the emissions of nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrate, NOx) to the surface waters and the atmosphere. Since mainstream domestic wastewater treatment systems are usually already overloaded with ammonia, a dedicated nitrogen removal from concentrated secondary or industrial wastewaters is often more cost-effective than the disposal of such wastes to domestic wastewater treatment. The cost-effectiveness of separate treatment has increased dramatically in the past few years, since several processes for the biological removal of ammonia from concentrated waste streams have become available. Here, we review those processes that make use of new concepts in microbiology: partial nitrification, nitrifier denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (the anammox process). These processes target the removal of ammonia from gases, and ammonium-bicarbonate from concentrated wastewaters (i.e. sludge liquor and landfill leachate). The review addresses the microbiology, its consequences for their application, the current status regarding application, and the future developments.
许多国家致力于减少氮化合物（氨、硝酸盐、氮氧化物）向地表水和大气的排放。由于主流的生活污水处理系统通常已经氨负荷过高，因此从浓缩的二级废水或工业废水中专门去除氮往往比将此类废物排入生活污水处理更具成本效益。在过去几年中，单独处理的成本效益大幅提高，因为已经出现了几种从浓缩废物流中生物去除氨的工艺。在此，我们回顾那些利用微生物学新概念的工艺：部分硝化、硝化菌反硝化和厌氧氨氧化（厌氧氨氧化工艺）。这些工艺旨在从气体中去除氨，以及从浓缩废水中去除碳酸氢铵（即污泥液和垃圾渗滤液）。本综述涉及微生物学、其应用后果、应用现状以及未来发展。
