Beiglböck Christoph, Zenker Wolfgang
Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, A-1160 Vienna, Austria.
J Wildl Dis. 2003 Jul;39(3):665-74. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.665.
From April 1998 to September 2000, 241 free-ranging alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) were anesthetized in the course of a field project using either xylazine plus ketamine (XK), medetomidine plus ketamine (MK), or xylazine plus a 1:1 mixture of zolazepam and tiletamine (XZT). For each of the combinations, the respective doses for short term and long-term surgery were established and seasonal variations in the amount of drugs needed were assessed. No fatalities occurred, and doses for efficient and safe anesthesia in spring were as follows (XK, MK, and XZT, respectively, in mg/kg body mass): short term surgery 3 + 40, 0.25 + 35, and 3 + 15; long term surgery 20 + 80, 0.5 + 70, and 10 + 20. In late summer/autumn, higher doses (20 + 60, 0.2 + 60, and 10 + 15 for short term surgery) had to be administered, probably due to increase of marmots' body fat content. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, palpebral reflex, muscle relaxation, and analgesia were monitored to evaluate the animals' responses to each of the drug combinations. Hypothermia was induced by all combinations and heart rate significantly decreased during anesthesia, especially in marmots receiving MK. Respiratory rate was highly variable and no significant differences between the drugs were found. Muscle relaxation was rather poor in marmots anesthetized with XK. The XZT combination tended to have a longer induction period but was found to subsequently depress the palpebral reflex and induce muscle relaxation and analgesia very efficiently. We conclude that, regardless of the anesthetics used, doses should always be adjusted to the planned manipulations, the marmots' nutritional state, and to the time of year. Furthermore, close monitoring of physiologic parameters, especially body temperature, should be guaranteed. On the basis of physiologic and behavioral responses, XZT is the most effective drug combination for anesthetizing alpine marmots, especially for long term, potentially painful procedures.
1998年4月至2000年9月期间，在一项野外项目中，对241只自由放养的高山旱獭（Marmota marmota）进行了麻醉，使用的麻醉剂组合为赛拉嗪加氯胺酮（XK）、美托咪定加氯胺酮（MK）或赛拉嗪加唑拉西泮与替来他明1:1的混合物（XZT）。针对每种组合，确定了短期和长期手术的各自剂量，并评估了所需药物量的季节性变化。未发生死亡情况，春季有效且安全麻醉的剂量如下（分别为XK、MK和XZT，单位为mg/kg体重）：短期手术3 + 40、0.25 + 35和3 + 15；长期手术20 + 80、0.5 + 70和10 + 20。在夏末/秋季，必须给予更高剂量（短期手术为20 + 60、0.2 + 60和10 + 15），这可能是由于旱獭体内脂肪含量增加所致。监测心率、呼吸频率、直肠温度、眼睑反射、肌肉松弛和镇痛情况，以评估动物对每种药物组合的反应。所有组合均诱发了体温过低，麻醉期间心率显著下降，尤其是接受MK的旱獭。呼吸频率变化很大，未发现不同药物之间存在显著差异。用XK麻醉的旱獭肌肉松弛效果较差。XZT组合诱导期往往较长，但随后发现其能非常有效地抑制眼睑反射并诱导肌肉松弛和镇痛。我们得出结论，无论使用何种麻醉剂，剂量都应始终根据计划的操作、旱獭的营养状况以及一年中的时间进行调整。此外，应确保密切监测生理参数，尤其是体温。根据生理和行为反应，XZT是麻醉高山旱獭最有效的药物组合，特别是对于长期的、可能引起疼痛的手术。
