Kertész V, Fáncsi T
Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllo, Páter Károly u 1, Hungary.
Aquat Toxicol. 2003 Dec 10;65(4):425-33. doi: 10.1016/s0166-445x(03)00155-3.
The effects of chromium, lead and cadmium were studied on the embryogenesis, hatching success and viability of the mallard. Eggs were exposed to relatively low environmental concentrations that are characteristic to the level in polluted Hungarian surface waters. Eggs were treated by injection or immersion--prior to incubation. In study I, effects on early embryogenesis (first 10 days of incubation) were examined. Eggs were opened daily, mortality was determined and permanent slides of the embryos were made to help further external examinations. Each metal proved to be toxic to the developing mallard embryo, causing an increase in mortality and developmental anomalies. Chromium was the most teratogenic of the three heavy metals increasing the rate of malformations by 30% (P<0.001) after immersion, and 17% (P<0.01) after injection of the eggs. Cadmium proved to cause the highest rate of mortality. Embryonic death was increased by 27% (P<0.01) and 40% (P<0.001) after Cd immersion and injection, respectively. In study II, effects on hatching and viability of the ducklings were studied. The eggs were hatched, hatching and mortality rates were established, the liver of animals was histopathologically examined. However each heavy metal decreased hatching success, cadmium was found the most toxic compound, causing a 21% (P<0.01) and 47% (P<0.001) reduction in hatching success after immersion and injection, respectively. The liver of hatched ducklings showed significant lesions, dystrophy in the form of hepatic necrosis was detected in each treated animal. Each heavy metal (Cr, Pb, Cd) proved to have adverse effects on the embryonic development, hatching and viability of the mallard.
研究了铬、铅和镉对绿头鸭胚胎发育、孵化成功率和生存能力的影响。将绿头鸭的蛋暴露于匈牙利受污染地表水特征性的相对较低的环境浓度下。在孵化前，通过注射或浸泡处理这些蛋。在研究I中，检测了对早期胚胎发育（孵化的前10天）的影响。每天打开蛋，确定死亡率，并制作胚胎的永久切片以辅助进一步的外部检查。每种金属对发育中的绿头鸭胚胎都有毒性，导致死亡率增加和发育异常。铬是三种重金属中致畸性最强的，浸泡后畸形率增加30%（P<0.001），注射蛋后畸形率增加17%（P<0.01）。镉导致的死亡率最高。镉浸泡和注射后，胚胎死亡率分别增加27%（P<0.01）和40%（P<0.001）。在研究II中，研究了对雏鸭孵化和生存能力的影响。蛋孵化后，确定孵化率和死亡率，对动物的肝脏进行组织病理学检查。然而，每种重金属都降低了孵化成功率，镉是毒性最大的化合物，浸泡和注射后孵化成功率分别降低21%（P<0.01）和47%（P<0.001）。孵化出的雏鸭肝脏显示出明显病变，在每只接受处理的动物中均检测到以肝坏死形式出现的营养不良。每种重金属（铬、铅、镉）都被证明对绿头鸭的胚胎发育、孵化和生存能力有不利影响。
